Review of Analytical Methods for the Determination of Nonylphenol and Related Compounds in Environmental Samples

Lee, Hing-Biu

doi:10.2166/wqrj.1999.002

Cited by 65 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…NP, OP, BPA, T, E2 and its metabolites in water were also extracted similarly. The concentrated extract was then reacted with PFPA to form the pentafluoropropionyl (PFP) derivatives, which were then analyzed by GC/MS in an SIM mode (Lee andPeart 1998, 2000a;. The characteristic ions M + and (M-CH3) + , at m/z 580 and 565, respectively, derived from the PFP derivative of T were used for quantitative analysis.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The determination of NP, OP, and BPA in sewage sludge was carried out by an in situ acetylation and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction procedure (Lee andPeart 1995, 2000a). The SFE extract, which contained the acetyl derivatives of the phenols, was analyzed by GC/MS.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to study the occurrence and fate of EDCs in samples collected from the Canadian sewage treatment plants, we have earlier developed sensitive and selective methods for the determination of the abovementioned compounds in wastewater and sludge (Lee 1999;Lee and Peart 1995, 1998, 2000aLee et al 1997. The major objective of this investigation is to establish the baseline levels of the EDCs in the sewage samples collected in Toronto.…”

Section: Abstract: Endocrine-disrupting Chemicals Sewage Treatment mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Occurrence of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Sewage and Sludge Samples in Toronto, Canada

Lee

Peart

Chan³

et al. 2004

Water Quality Research Journal

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In recent years, many anthropogenic chemicals occurring in the environment have been shown to mimic the action of endogenous hormones. These endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can potentially lead to a host of adverse effects on wildlife, such as the feminization of fish, the lack of reproductive success of some species, birth defects, and the development of physical abnormality. In an attempt to establish the levels of contamination by EDCs in municipal sewage and sludge, we have collected samples in the Toronto area and analyzed them for alkylphenols, alkylphenol ethoxylates and carboxylates, 17ß-estradiol and its metabolites, testosterone, bisphenol A, as well as butyltin species. Previously developed methods using solvent extraction, solid-phase extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, GC/MS, and HPLC determination have been used for such samples. Levels of these chemicals varied from <1 ng/L for 17ß-estradiol in the effluent to nearly 900 µg/L for nonylphenol ethoxylates in the influent. Levels of EDCs in sludge also varied widely from >500 µg/g for nonylphenol to <0.1 µg/g for bisphenol A. The screening of many of the above EDCs has become an integral part of an on-going wastewater quality monitoring program in Toronto.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Abstract: Endocrine-disrupting Chemicals Sewage Treatment mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Occurrence of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Sewage and Sludge Samples in Toronto, Canada

Lee

Peart

Chan³

et al. 2004

Water Quality Research Journal

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“…The use of nonylphenol polyethoxylates in certain European countries has gradually been replaced by other surfactants (Ahel et al 1994a;Lee 1999), and in 1995, nonylphenol and its ethoxylates were added to the Priority Substance List of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In VivoEstrogenicity of Nonylphenol and Its Ethoxylates in the Canadian Environment

Dussault

Sherry²,

Lee³

et al. 2005

Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal

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The relative estrogenicity of nonylphenol and its ethoxylates has not been clearly demonstrated in the literature, despite the importance of this information for interpreting the environmental risk of these chemicals. There appears to be a discrepancy between the relative acute/chronic toxicity and estrogenicity reported in previous studies. These studies have suggested that the relatively higher concentrations of nonylphenol polyethoxylate metabolites (NP n EO, NP n EC) in municipal effluents may represent a risk to the environment. However, there is considerable uncertainty associated with the estimates of relative estrogenicity of these metabolites.Plasma vitellogenin (Vg) was measured in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after a 21-d flow-through exposure to concentrations of 1-250 µg · L −1 nonylphenol (NP), 1-280 µg · L −1 nonylphenol 1-ethoxylate (NP1EO), or 24-1450 µg · L −1 nonylphenol 1-ethoxycarboxylate (NP1EC). All three chemicals induced plasma Vg to varying degrees, their relative estrogenicity being NP > NP1EO >> NP1EC. Measurements of the relative potency of NP1EO and NP1EC compared to NP, yielded ratios of 0.22 and 0.03, respectively. These values are in general agreement with relative acute and chronic toxicity data in the literature. A re-evaluation of the estrogenicity of the biodegradation products of nonylphenol polyethoxylates in Canadian sewage treatment plant effluents was performed, using the relative estrogenicity determined in this study, and revealed that the contribution of alkylphenol polyethoxylates to effluent estrogenicity is significant but less than previously estimated. The ability of these chemicals, however, to act in concert with other estrogenic compounds such as 17β-estradiol, estrone, and 17α-ethinylestradiol, to provide a cumulative estrogenic exposure for the biota needs to be investigated.

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“…Alkylphenol ethoxylates are produced at a rate of approximately 350,000 tons annually in the United States, Western Europe, and Japan [2], and the use of APEOs results in their release to wastewater [1,3,4]. During wastewater treatment, APEOs are degraded by microorganisms, which results in the removal of successive terminal carboxyl groups from the alkyl chain to form less biodegradable small‐chain ethox‐ylates, primarily mono‐ and diethoxylates (AP1EO, AP2EO), carboxylates (APEC), and alkylphenols (AP) [5,6]. Alkyl‐phenol ethoxylate removal ranges from 92.5 to 99.8% by wastewater treatment plants in the United States [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of nonylphenol ethoxylate exposure on reproductive output and bioindicators of environmental estrogen exposure in fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas

Nichols

Snyder

et al. 2001

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOs) were evaluated in the laboratory for potential effects on the reproductive physiology and fecundity of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Groups of three adult male and three female fathead minnows were exposed in a continuous flow-through system to 0, 0.21, 0.65, 2.1, or 7.9 microg NPEO/L for 42 d. Rabbit anti-goldfish vitellogenin (VTG) antiserum was prepared and a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was adapted for measurement of plasma VTG in fish following exposure. Plasma 17beta-estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) were also quantified by ELISA at the end of the exposure. Neither survival nor fecundity of fathead minnows exhibited a concentration-dependent response to NPEOs. No significant differences were observed in plasma VTG concentrations among treatments for males or females. Mean plasma VTG concentrations in females ranged from 291.7 to 895.1 microg VTG/ml among treatments and did not overlap with mean concentrations measured in the plasma of males, which ranged from less than the method detection limit (0.27 microg VTG/ml) to 3.2 microg VTG/ml. Plasma E2 concentrations exhibited a significant difference between males and females within all NPEO treatments, but no differences were observed among treatments. Similarly, plasma T concentrations did not exhibit a concentration-dependent response to NPEOs.

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Review of Analytical Methods for the Determination of Nonylphenol and Related Compounds in Environmental Samples

Cited by 65 publications

References 80 publications

Occurrence of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Sewage and Sludge Samples in Toronto, Canada

Occurrence of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Sewage and Sludge Samples in Toronto, Canada

In VivoEstrogenicity of Nonylphenol and Its Ethoxylates in the Canadian Environment

Effects of nonylphenol ethoxylate exposure on reproductive output and bioindicators of environmental estrogen exposure in fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas

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