Review—Nonlinear Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

Abstract

Nonlinear Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (NLEIS) is a method of characterizing an electrochemical systems by applying a large amplitude sinusoidal perturbation signal. This article presents a comprehensive review of existing literature on NLEIS analysis development and applications. Two types of NLEIS reports available in the literature, viz. one in which only the fundamental impedance is studied and the other in which both the fundamental and higher harmonic responses are analyzed, are reviewed. Early reports on the development of NLEIS methodology are compiled. Recent advances in the application of NLEIS, in particular in the area of fuel cells, are summarized. In addition, applications of related techniques such as total harmonic distortion and Volterra kernel are included in the purview of this article. There is a large scope for applying NLEIS to understand electrochemical processes. The roadblocks that need to be overcome to enable wider application of NLEIS are identified, and directions for further research are suggested.

Structural and physical characteristics of Au2O3‐doped sodium antimonate glasses – Part II electrical characteristics

“…Another way of representing impedance plots is known as Bode plot in which the total impedance and also the phase angle, ϕ = tan −1 ( z ″/ z ′), vs frequency are plotted. The plots clearly demonstrated that the impedance is high in the low‐frequency side while it is low in the high‐frequency side and the current across the sample is mainly electronic/polaronic or Faradaic in nature . In Figure D, Bode plot for the sample Au 50 at a temperature of 600 K is presented.…”

The impact of fruit softening on avocado cell microstructure changes monitored by electrical impedance and conductivity for cold‐pressed oil extraction

“…It is widely reported that when high‐amplitude voltage such as 500 mV (the voltage used in this study) is applied in EIS experiments, the system shows nonlinear behavior (Fasmin & Srinivasan, ; Lvovich, ). The EIS method applied in this study assumed a linear or pseudo‐linear response as did Harker and Maindonald () and Bauchot et al, (2000).…”

“…In cold-pressed olive and avocado oil extraction, the grinding step in the process ruptures the oil bearing cells to release the oil droplets into the fruit pulp (Petrakis, 2006;Woolf et al, 2009). It is widely reported that when high-amplitude voltage such as 500 mV (the voltage used in this study) is applied in EIS experiments, the system shows nonlinear behavior (Fasmin & Srinivasan, 2017;Lvovich, 2012). The EIS method applied in this study assumed a linear or pseudo-linear response as did Harker and Maindonald (1994) and Bauchot et al, (2000).…”

Improving the proton conductivity of graphene oxide membranes by intercalating cations

“…The pristine GO membrane (Fig. 4a) showed a distinct semicircle at high frequency that corresponded to the double layer capacitance of the Pt electrode-membrane interface and the charge transfer resistance (Rct) [31]. A distinct capacitive semicircle was also generated for the Al 3+ -modified GO membrane.…”