Review—Non-Enzymatic Hydrogen Peroxide Electrochemical Sensors Based on Reduced Graphene Oxide

Abstract

The determination of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) plays a crucial role in many industrial applications as well as clinical diagnoses. Electrochemical sensing techniques can provide a rapid, accurate, and simple approach to determine the level of hydrogen peroxide accurately. Recently, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) has been employed extensively to develop amperometric sensors for sensitive and selective detection of H2O2 because of its good catalytic activity, mass scalability, and cost-effectiveness. During the past decade, various reduction methods have been used to produce rGO for electrochemical sensing applications. Besides, these electrodes have been modified with functional materials to improve the response of the sensors. Depending on the used materials, characteristics and sensitivity of the sensors varied a lot. Also, the production method of rGO affects the performance of the electrochemical sensor and needs to be taken into account to correlate the results from the sensor with the physical and chemical properties of the sensing material. This article provides an insightful overview of the utilization of rGO in the developments of enzyme-free H2O2 electrochemical sensors. This review includes the recent advances in the area from both rGO production method and electrocatalyst performance. Also, the challenges and prospects were discussed in this review.

Solid State Sensors for Hydrogen Peroxide Detection

“…H 2 O 2 measurement and quantification is performed in a variety of sample matrices including environmental samples like water and soil, human fluids like sweat, blood, cell and tissue cultures. H 2 O 2 is measured using diverse range of methods such as optical [ 11 , 12 ] including colorimetry, chemiluminescence, and fluorescence; and electrochemical [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ] including potentiometry, voltammetry and amperometry ( Figure 1 ). Optical techniques are limited by high cost, complex testing processes, the requirement of sophisticated and bulky instrumentation, need for trained personnel to operate, and interference from sample matrices.…”

“…Previous reviews on sensors for H 2 O 2 detection have typically focused on electrochemical and colorimetric sensors. Several papers have been published on enzymatic [ 1 , 13 , 14 , 16 , 28 , 29 ] and non-enzymatic sensing [ 1 , 15 , 30 , 31 ] using those principles and the readers are referred to them for an in-depth analysis in these areas. An in-depth review of the emerging class of solid state H 2 O 2 sensors is not currently available.…”

Carbon Xerogel Nanostructures with Integrated Bi and Fe Components for Hydrogen Peroxide and Heavy Metal Detection

“…Carbonaceous-based nanomaterials such as graphite [ 13 ], carbon fibers [ 14 ], carbon aerogel [ 8 , 15 , 16 ], carbon xerogels [ 7 , 9 ], carbon nanotubes (single walled or multi-walled) [ 17 ], graphene [ 18 ], have been used as the conductive phase in different composite materials suitable for electrochemical detection of biomolecules [ 2 ], or heavy metals ions [ 12 ]. There is a variety of functional converters/additives such as metal nanoparticles (Au, Ag, Pd, Ir, Sb, St, Hg, and Bi), metal oxides (Bi 2 O 3 , Ce 3 O 4 , Fe 3 O 4 , SnO 2 , NiO, SnO 2 , Co 3 O 4 , MnFe 2 O 4 , MnCo 2 O 4 NPs, ZnFe 2 O 4 ), non-metals (N), halogen (F), alloys (AuPt alloy microsphere) [ 19 , 20 , 21 ], etc., which can be physically, chemically, or electrochemically introduced into the carbon matrix.…”

Electrochemical Detection of H2O2 Released from Prostate Cancer Cells Using Pt Nanoparticle-Decorated rGO–CNT Nanocomposite-Modified Screen-Printed Carbon Electrodes

“…The rGO has received significant attention in electrochemical sensors due to the high electrical conductivity, excellent physical and chemical properties, and good stability [30,33]. It can provide a lot of active defect sites with significant turbulence and enlarge layer spacing that can effectively trap active species [43].…”

“…Recently, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and its nanocomposites have been widely used in preparing electrochemical sensors to improve their performance [16,[30][31][32]. In particular, the interconnected networks of rGO have several advantages, including greater surface area, faster charge transfer, and lower mass transport resistance [33].…”