REVIEW Nesbitt's Paradox resolved? Stress and arousal modulation during cigarette smoking

Parrott, Andrew C.

doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.931274.x

Cited by 95 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…The cognitive functioning of cigarette smokers is affected by numerous potentially confounding factors, with the effects of nicotine deprivation and reinstatement difficult to disentangle, which is why the mood and cognitive effects of nicotine can be so variable (Heishman et al, 1994;Sherwood, 1993). In an explanatory model, Parrott (1998) suggested that cognitive performance was often slightly enhanced when plasma nicotine levels peaked, but that this period was brief and transitory. In-between cigarettes, cognitive performance deteriorated to a level below that of non-smokers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Self-rated everyday and prospective memory abilities of cigarette smokers and non-smokers: a web-based study

Heffernan

Parrott

Buchanan

et al. 2005

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Northumbria University has developed Northumbria Research Link (NRL) to enable users to access the University's research output. Copyright © and moral rights for items on NRL are retained by the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. Single copies of full items can be reproduced, displayed or performed, and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided the authors, title and full bibliographic details are given, as well as a hyperlink and/or URL to the original metadata page. The content must not be changed in any way. Full items must not be sold commercially in any format or medium without formal permission of the copyright holder. The full policy is available online: http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/policies.html This document may differ from the final, published version of the research and has been made available online in accordance with publisher policies. To read and/or cite from the published version of the research, please visit the publisher's website (a subscription may be required.)1 Title: Self-rated everyday and prospective memory abilities of cigarette smokers and non-smokers: A web-based study.Heffernan AbstractThe present study examined self-ratings of two aspects of everyday memory performance: long-term prospective memory -measured by the Prospective Memory Questionnaire, and everyday memory -measured by the Everyday Memory Questionnaire. Use of other substances was also measured and used as covariates in the study. To ensure confidentiality and to expand the numbers used in previous studies, an Internet study was carried out and data from 763 participants was gathered.After controlling for other drug use and strategy use, the data from the PMQ revealed that smokers reported a greater number of long-term prospective memory errors than non-smokers. There were also differences between light and heavier smokers in longterm prospective memory, suggesting that nicotine may have a dose-dependent impact upon long-term prospective memory performance. No significant differences were found between the groups on the EMQ. These findings suggest there are selective memory deficits associated with smoking and that long-term prospective memory deficits should be added to the growing list of memory problems associated with cigarette use.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In-between cigarettes, cognitive performance deteriorated to a level below that of non-smokers. Thus the main effects of nicotine dependency were to cause mood lability and variable cognitive performance over the day (Parrott, 1998;also Adan and Sanchez-Turet, 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-rated everyday and prospective memory abilities of cigarette smokers and non-smokers: a web-based study

Heffernan

Parrott

Buchanan

et al. 2005

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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“…Temporary smoking abstinence leads to a decrease in arousal and an increase in emotional stress, which both return to a normal level after smoking a cigarette (Steptoe and Ussher 2006). The Nesbitt's Paradox, when smoking increases sympathetic arousal, yet smokers report feelings of relaxation and contentment, was explained using evidence that smoking a cigarette has independent effects on arousal and emotional stress (Parrott 1998). A meta-analysis of 158 studies found that a single session of aerobic exercise resulted in moderate increases in affective activation (Cohen's d=0.47, standard deviation = 0.37) from pre-to post-treatment (Reed and Ones 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The acute effects of physical activity on cigarette cravings: Exploration of potential moderators, mediators and physical activity attributes using individual participant data (IPD) meta-analyses

et al. 2014

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Rationale The effects of acute bouts of physical activity (PA) on Strength of Desire (SoD) and Desire to Smoke (DtS) using individual participant data (IPD) from 19 acute randomised controlled studies were quantified. However, there is a need to identify factors influencing this relationship. Objectives To understand who most benefits from PA, whether changes in affect mediate these effects, and whether any specific attributes of PA are associated with cigarette cravings. Methods IPD (N=930) contributed to one-stage IPD meta-analyses.Participants engaging in PA were compared against controls, using post-intervention DtS and SoD (when DtS not available) with baseline adjustments. The cravings scales were linearly rescaled to 0-100% (a mean difference between groups of -10 would indicate that postintervention cravings were 10% lower in the PA compared with the control group).Demographic, smoking and other characteristics were examined as predictors and potential moderators whereas change in affect was considered as a mediator. PA was categorised according to type, duration and intensity, to determine PA attributes associated with cravings reduction. Results None of the included covariates were shown to moderate or mediate the effects of PA. Intensity of PA was significantly associated with a reduction in cravings; moderate and vigorous intensity PA offered the most benefits. A one-stage IPD meta-analysis yielded effects size of -9.22 (-15.24; -3.20) for light, -34.57 (-42.64; -26.50) for moderate and -31.29 (-38.00; -24.57) for vigorous intensity in comparison with controls. Conclusions Moderate intensity PA could be recommended to all smokers regardless of demographic, smoking and other characteristics.

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“…Anxiety relief is another reason often cited by smokers when asked why they continue smoking despite the adverse consequences (Parrott, 1998). Because nAChR β4 −/− mice are insensitive to the somatic signs of nicotine withdrawal (Salas et al, 2004) and they show decreased basal anxiety-like behavior (Salas et al, 2003), we wanted to further explore the link between anxiety-like behavior and nicotine withdrawal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decreased withdrawal symptoms but normal tolerance to nicotine in mice null for the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit

et al. 2007

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Withdrawal symptoms are a major deterrent when people try to quit smoking. The α7 subunit of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) is highly expressed in the brain, and has been suspected to play a major role in nicotine addiction. We studied the influence of α7-containing nAChRs on nicotine withdrawal and tolerance, in wild type mice and mice null for the α 7 nAChR subunit (α7 −/−). For withdrawal experiments, animals were implanted with osmotic minipumps delivering nicotine for 13 days. A single intraperitoneal injection of the nAChR antagonists mecamylamine (MEC) or methyllycaconitine (MLA) was used to precipitate withdrawal. In wild type mice, both MEC and MLA precipitated somatic signs of withdrawal such as increased grooming, scratching and shaking. In α7 −/− mice, the somatic effects of MEC-precipitated nicotine withdrawal were significantly reduced. Interestingly, the presumed α7-specific antagonist MLA also precipitated withdrawal. Tolerance, which was measured as a decrease in nicotine-induced hypolocomotion after subchronic nicotine treatment, was normal in α7 −/− mice. Finally, because anxiety and withdrawal symptoms are highly correlated in humans, we studied anxiety-like behaviors in α7 −/− mice using a battery of anxiety-related tests. The behavior of α7 −/− mice was indistinguishable from that of control mice. Our results point to the α7 subunit as one of the players in nicotine withdrawal, but not in nicotine tolerance or basal anxiety-like behavior.

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REVIEW Nesbitt's Paradox resolved? Stress and arousal modulation during cigarette smoking

Cited by 95 publications

References 65 publications

Self-rated everyday and prospective memory abilities of cigarette smokers and non-smokers: a web-based study

Self-rated everyday and prospective memory abilities of cigarette smokers and non-smokers: a web-based study

The acute effects of physical activity on cigarette cravings: Exploration of potential moderators, mediators and physical activity attributes using individual participant data (IPD) meta-analyses

Decreased withdrawal symptoms but normal tolerance to nicotine in mice null for the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit

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