Review—Nanomechanical Calorimetric Infrared Spectroscopy using Bi-Material Microfluidic Cantilevers

Alodhayb, Abdullah; Khan, Faheem; Etayash, Hashem; Thundat, Thomas

doi:10.1149/2.0042003jes

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The significance of this work also stems from the fact that the use of IR radiation has been found to greatly increase the intrinsic chemical selectivity of microcantilever sensor, which was one of the major limiting factors of microcantilever commercialization [42,43]. Despite the increasing number of literature reports on using photothermal spectroscopy techniques [44,45], there is still a need for more numerical studies such as the work presented in this study. Such numerical models would significantly help to gain more insight into the behavior of the BMC before an actual experimental is performed.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Modeling of an Optically Heated MEMS-Based Micromechanical Bimaterial Sensor for Heat Capacitance Measurements of Single Biological Cells

Alodhayb

2019

Sensors

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Detection of thermal activities of biological cells is important for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications because these activities are closely associated with the conformational change processes. Calorimetric measurements of biological systems using bimaterial microcantilevers (BMC) have increasingly been reported with the ultimate goal of developing highly sensitive and inexpensive techniques with real-time measurement capability techniques for the characterization of dynamic thermal properties of biological cells. BMCs have been established as highly sensitive calorimeters for the thermal analysis of cells and liquids. In this paper, we present a simulation model using COMSOL Multiphysics and a mathematical method to estimate the heat capacity of objects (treated here as a biological cell) placed on the surface of a microcantilever. By measuring the thermal time constant, which is obtained from the deflection curve of a BMC, the heat capacity of a sample can be evaluated. With this model, we can estimate the heat capacity of single biological cells using a BMC, which can potentially be used for the thermal characterization of different biological samples.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Modeling of an Optically Heated MEMS-Based Micromechanical Bimaterial Sensor for Heat Capacitance Measurements of Single Biological Cells

Alodhayb

2019

Sensors

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“…Therefore, this review will be focused on mid-infrared spectroscopic monitoring of chemical and physical processes occurring in solid-state systems, relevant to the understanding of materials. Although the various applications of IR spectroscopy to monitor solid-state processes are covered by numerous reviews, 1–10 the author's intention is to bring to focus some specific applications and perspectives, that have so far remained somewhat out of focus. Numerous recent excellent reviews on the specific applications of IR spectroscopy are available, for example on the applications of IR spectroscopy in monitoring liquids 2,11–13 or gaseous systems, 14–16 as well as interfaces.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infrared spectroscopic monitoring of solid-state processes

Biliškov

2022

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

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“…Gold-coated silicon-microcantilever sensors will undergo a mechanical deflection owing to the variation in environmental temperature due to the thermal expansion difference between the two layers. The deflection of metal-coated silicon microcantilevers can be expressed using Equation (1) 14,15 :…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where Z is the vertical deflection at a location x along the length of the cantilever, α 1 and α 2 are the thermal exaptation coefficients of the cantilever and metal layer, t 1 and t 2 are the thicknesses of the cantilever and metal layer, respectively, T(x) is the temperature profile along its length, T 0 is the cantilever temperature at zero deflection, and K is represented by the expression given in Equation (2) 14,15 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gold‐coated silicon‐microcantilever sensors will undergo a mechanical deflection owing to the variation in environmental temperature due to the thermal expansion difference between the two layers. The deflection of metal‐coated silicon microcantilevers can be expressed using Equation () 14,15 :

\frac{d^{2} Z}{d^{2} x} goodbreak= 6 ((), α_{1} goodbreak- α_{2}) \frac{t_{1} + t_{2}}{t_{2}^{2} K} ([], T ((), x) goodbreak- T_{0}),

where Z is the vertical deflection at a location x along the length of the cantilever, α 1 and α 2 are the thermal exaptation coefficients of the cantilever and metal layer, t 1 and t 2 are the thicknesses of the cantilever and metal layer, respectively, T ( x ) is the temperature profile along its length, T 0 is the cantilever temperature at zero deflection, and K is represented by the expression given in Equation () 14,15 .

K goodbreak= 4 goodbreak+ 6 ((), \frac{t_{1}}{t_{2}}) goodbreak+ 4 {(\frac{t_{1}}{t_{2}})}^{2} goodbreak+ \frac{E_{1}}{E_{2}} {(\frac{t_{1}}{t_{2}})}^{3} goodbreak+ \frac{E_{2}}{E_{1}} ((), \frac{t_{2}}{t_{1}}) .

Here, E 1 and E 2 are Young's moduli of the cantilever and metal layer, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sensitivity enhancement of microelectromechanical sensors using femtosecond laser for biological and chemical applications

Al‐Gawati

Albrithen

Alhazaa

et al. 2022

Surface & Interface Analysis

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Rapid, selective, and highly sensitive microelectromechanical sensors are a promising technology for biosensing, medical recognition, and the detection of chemical hazards. At the same time, the surfaces of silicon microcantilevers cannot bond with thiols and cannot be functionalized without a bonding layer, such as gold. Therefore, in past literature, the surfaces of silicon microcantilevers have been coated with gold to facilitate their bonding with the thiol functional groups on the probe layers. However, gold coating produces thermal noise in the results owing to the metallic effect. Accordingly, this study aimed to modify the surface of silicon microcantilevers by patterning it using femtosecond laser (FSL) micromachining so that it could bond with the thiol functional groups with high sensitivity. The surface patterning of silicon microcantilevers enhances their physical, micromechanical, and chemical properties, increasing sensitivity by increasing the quality factor, specific surface area, and creating trapping areas on the microcantilever surfaces. The surfaces of the silicon microcantilever were patterned by microgrooves aligned from the free end to the bounded end, with each microgroove comprising submicrogrooves. To demonstrate their use in a biosensing applications, the modified microcantilevers were functionalized to detect severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2; COVID‐19) by immobilizing thiolated oligonucleotides on the surfaces, which worked as the probe layer. The modified biosensor was used to detect low concentrations of SSDNA sequence targets ranging from 300 nM down to 100 pM. The modified silicon‐microcantilever sensors were directly functionalized without a joining layer, such as a gold layer. The results revealed a selective response to SARS‐CoV‐2 SSDNA down to a 9‐nM concentration. To detect hazardous chemicals, the modified microcantilever was functionalized using reduced L‐cysteine to detect Pb2+ at low concentrations down to 100 pM. The results revealed enhanced sensitivity and selectivity and demonstrated that the FSL patterning activated the microcantilevers to bond with probe layers through the interaction of the silanol created on the surface with the functional groups, such as the thiols, on the probe layers. The microcantilevers patterned with 10 microgrooves exhibited higher responses than those patterned with seven microgrooves.

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Review—Nanomechanical Calorimetric Infrared Spectroscopy using Bi-Material Microfluidic Cantilevers

Cited by 11 publications

References 33 publications

Modeling of an Optically Heated MEMS-Based Micromechanical Bimaterial Sensor for Heat Capacitance Measurements of Single Biological Cells

Modeling of an Optically Heated MEMS-Based Micromechanical Bimaterial Sensor for Heat Capacitance Measurements of Single Biological Cells

Infrared spectroscopic monitoring of solid-state processes

Sensitivity enhancement of microelectromechanical sensors using femtosecond laser for biological and chemical applications

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