Review: Mammary development in lactating sows: the importance of suckling

Farmer, C.

doi:10.1017/s1751731118003464

Cited by 14 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Fostering older piglets onto a sow in early lactation does result in greater milk production during that period (reviewed in Farmer and Hurley, 2015). Further discussion of mammary gland development during lactation is extensively reviewed by Farmer (2019).…”

Section: Mammary Gland Development During Early Lactationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review: Mammary gland development in swine: embryo to early lactation

Hurley

2019

Animal

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Milk production by the sow is a major factor limiting the growth and survival of her litter. Understanding the process of morphogenesis of the sow’s mammary gland and the factors that regulate mammary development are important for designing successful management tools that may enhance milk production. Primordia of the mammary glands are first observable in the porcine embryo at approximately 23 days of gestation. The glands then progress through a series of morphologically distinct developmental stages such that, at birth, each mammary gland is composed of the teat, an organized fat pad and two separate lactiferous ducts each with a few ducts branching into the fat pad. The glands continue to grow slowly until about 90 days of age when the rate of growth increases significantly. The increased rate of mammary gland growth coincides with the appearance of large ovarian follicles and an increase in circulating estrogen. After puberty, the continued growth of the gland and elongation and branching of the duct system into the fat pad takes place in response to the elevated levels of estrogen occurring as part of the estrous cycles. After conception, parenchymal mass of each gland increases slowly during early pregnancy and then grows increasingly rapidly during the final trimester. This growth is in response to estrogen, progesterone, prolactin and relaxin. Lobuloalveolar development occurs primarily during late pregnancy. By parturition, the fat pad of the mammary gland has been replaced by colostrum-secreting epithelial cells that line the lumen of the alveoli, lobules and small ducts. All mammary glands develop during pregnancy, however, the extent of development is dependent on the location of the mammary gland on the sow’s underline. The mammary glands undergo significant functional differentiation immediately before and after farrowing with the formation of colostrum and the transition through the stages of lactogenesis. Further growth of the glands during lactation is stimulated by milk removal. Individual glands may grow or transiently regress in response to the intensity of suckling during the initial days postpartum. Attempts to enhance milk production by manipulation of mammary development at stages before lactation generally have met with limited success. A more in depth understanding of the processes regulating porcine mammary gland morphogenesis at all stages of development is needed to make further progress.

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Section: Mammary Gland Development During Early Lactationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The current review provides an overview of the process of mammary gland development from the first rudiments of the mammary gland in the embryo through several developmental stages leading to early lactation. Mammary gland development during lactation and after weaning is reviewed by Farmer (2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review: Mammary gland development in swine: embryo to early lactation

Hurley

2019

Animal

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“…Milk is the only source of nutrients and bioactive factors for the suckling neonate and there are marked changes in the composition of milk across the course of lactation. These changes reflect both the metabolic activity of the mammary gland and the species-specific developmental needs of neonates ( Hassiotou et al, 2013 ; Farmer, 2019 ; Quesnel and Farmer, 2019 ). During gestation and around the time of parturition, the mammary gland undergoes structural and functional changes that prepare the organ for milk synthesis and secretion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The second phase of lactogenesis begins 24–36 h post parturition and is marked by secretory activation of lactocytes. Secretory activation is hormonally driven and initiated by the drop in progesterone and the concomitant rise of prolactin and glucocorticoids that occur around the time of farrowing ( Stelwagen et al, 1999 ; Neville et al, 2001 ; Farmer, 2019 ; Quesnel and Farmer, 2019 ). These periparturient hormonal changes stimulate tight junction closure between lactocytes, cessation of paracellular transport, and the onset of copious milk synthesis ( Capuco et al, 2003 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shotgun proteomics of homogenate milk reveals dynamic changes in protein abundances between colostrum, transitional, and mature milk of swine

Bradshaw

Trujillo

Luecke

et al. 2021

Journal of Animal Science

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Milk is an easily digestible source of nutrients and bioactive factors, its composition reflects the neonate's needs, and changes from colostrum to transitional and mature milk. Our objective was to measure milk fat, lactose, total carbohydrate, and protein content in parallel with global proteome of homogenate milk samples to characterize changes across the three phases of swine lactation. Milk samples were collected from multiparous sows (n=9) on postnatal day 0 (D0; colostrum), 3 (D3; early transitional), 7 (D7; late transitional) and 14 (D14; mature). On D3, percent fat (16 ± 2.1) and lactose (3.8 ± 0.3) were higher (P<0.05) than on D0 (10 ± 3.9, and 1.5 ± 0.3; respectively). Levels of fat and lactose were not different between D3 and D14. Percent total protein decreased (P<0.05) between D0 (11 ± 2.1) and D3 (5 ± 0.7), but there was no significant change in percent protein between D3 and D14. Total carbohydrates increased (P<0.05) between D3 (944 ± 353 µg/ml) and D14 (1150 ± 462 µg/ml). Quantitative proteomic analysis using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) of homogenate D0, D3, and D14 milk samples (n=6) identified 772 protein groups which corresponded to 501 individual protein-coding genes. A total of 207 high confidence proteins were detected in n=3 sows/day. Of the high confidence proteins, 81 proteins were common amongst all three days of lactation. Among the proteins that decreased between the days (FDR < 0.05) were multiple apolipoproteins and XDH which decreased between D0 to D3. Proteins that increased across the days (FDR < 0.05) were complement factors and14-3-3 proteins (YWHAQ, YWHAE). Our data provide a good characterization of milk proteome changes that likely reflect mammary function as well as the neonate's phase-specific developmental needs. This data may be useful in developing approaches to enhance the health and welfare of swine.

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“…The importance of suckling in pigs is also reviewed starting from the cyclic changes of mammary development and involution during lactation and at weaning, towards the effects of teat use and duration of teat use for mammary development in the following lactation, and addressing also the importance of previous teat use and teat preference using intriguing experimental models (Farmer, 2019).…”

Section: Mammary Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%