Review: Secret Wars and Secret Policies in the Americas, 1842–1929, by Friedrich E. Schuler

Abstract

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SN 2011fe: A Laboratory for Testing Models of Type Ia Supernovae

“…The shock breakout constraint depends crucially on knowing the precise time of the explosion. This is estimated to be UT 2011 August 23 16:29 ± 20 minutes by Nugent et al (2011b). They derive this time by fitting a power law to the early optical light curve, following the expectation that the SN luminosity L will increase as the area of the optically thick photosphere, producing the relation L ∝ t 2 .…”

“…In the B -band, the light curve declines by Δ m 15 = 1.1 mag in 15 days (Pereira et al 2013; Richmond & Smith 2012). To power the light curve of SN 2011fe, ~0.5 M ⊙ of 56 Ni is required (Bloom et al 2012; Nugent et al 2011b; Pereira et al 2013). This 56 Ni mass is quite typical for SNe Ia (Howell et al 2009).…”

“…Three variations of shock breakout models are plotted as blue lines (Kasen 2010; Piro et al 2010; Rabinak & Waxman 2011), and are shown for different radii of the exploding star. Assuming that the explosion time can be determined from the simple power-law fit (Nugent et al 2011b), the non-detection was obtained four hours after explosion and implies a size R ⋆ ≲0.02 R ⊙ for the exploding star. Figure from Bloom et al (2012), reproduced by permission of the AAS.

Figure 4. The limits on a shock breakout signature and R ⋆ depend on the estimated explosion date.

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“…Discovered on 2011 August 24 by the Palomar Transient Factory, SN 2011fe 1 was announced as a Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) remarkably soon after explosion (just 31 hours; Nugent et al 2011a, 2011b). SN 2011fe is nearby, located in the well-studied galaxy M101 at a distance of ~7 Mpc (Figure 1; Lee & Jang 2012; Shappee & Stanek 2011).…”

“…The green arrow points to SN 2011fe, which was not detected in the first image but subsequently brightened dramatically. Figure from Nugent et al (2011b), reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: Nature, copyright 2011. …”