Review: How will climate change impact the ‘many little hammers’ of ecological weed management?

Birthisel, Sonja K.; Clements, R. S.; Gallandt, Eric R.

doi:10.1111/wre.12497

Cited by 17 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 163 publications

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“…If herbicides are consistently avoided for several years during mechanical weed control by hoeing, it is likely that the effectiveness of hoeing will decline further due to the increasing weed pressure. In order to successfully control weeds without herbicides over several years, holistic approaches are needed in addition to direct mechanical weed control, including long crop rotations, mulching, adapted tillage, optimized sowing operation, and the use of selected intercrops [3,[32][33][34][35][36]. However, hoeing is particularly suitable in an environment of social desire for more ecological agriculture, where there are increasing bans or restrictions on the use of herbicides and a lack of approval of new herbicidal active agents as a supplement to chemical crop protection, therefore providing an additional way of controlling weeds that became difficult to control chemically [18,25,37].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hoeing as a Possibility for Mechanical Weed Control in Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.)

Schwabe

Gruber

Claupein

2022

Crops

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The framework conditions for chemical weed control in oilseed rape (OSR) are becoming increasingly unfavorable in Central Europe. On the one hand, weed resistance is spreading and, on the other, there is a growing social desire to reduce or eliminate the use of chemical crop protection products. In a field experiment, hoeing, as a weed control measure performed two times per growing season (one time in autumn and one time in spring) in oilseed rape (Brassica napus; two varieties), was compared to chemical control by herbicides and a combination of hoeing and herbicide application (five treatments altogether). The chemical control by herbicides consisted of a broad-spectrum pre-emergence treatment and a post-emergence graminicide application. The trial was set up in each of three periods (years 2014/2015, 2015/2016, and 2016/2017) at the experimental station Ihinger Hof, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany. The effect of the treatments on weed plant density, weed biomass at the time of harvesting, and on OSR grain yield was investigated. Weed plant density was measured four times per trial year, each time before and after hoeing. In 2015/2016 after spring hoeing, and in 2016/2017 at all data collection times, weed plant density was significantly higher in hoeing without herbicide application than in the other variants. No significant differences occurred at the other data collection times. The weed plant density ranged from 0.5 to 57.8 plants m−2. Regardless of the trial year, pure hoeing always resulted in a significantly higher weed biomass at the time of harvesting than the herbicide applications or the combinations. The weed biomass at the time of harvesting ranged between 0.1 and 54.7 g m−2. No significant differences in grain yield between hoeing and herbicide application occurred in all three trial years. According to the results, hoeing is a suitable extension of existing integrated weed control strategies in OSR.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hoeing as a Possibility for Mechanical Weed Control in Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.)

Schwabe

Gruber

Claupein

2022

Crops

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“…The increase in on-farm crop diversity is meant to be a facilitator of favorable ecosystem services [247][248][249][250]. Special attention should be given in future research to ecological weed-management tools and strategies to be oriented to smallholder farmers, as most of the agricultural land is small in size [19]. The intensification of smallholder agricultural systems could be realized in harmony with sustainable agricultural production [251].…”

Section: What Future Lies Ahead?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An analytical review of the response of different herbicide mode of actions to these factors is provided by Varanasi et al [18]. A recent paper reviews the effects of climate change on ecological weed-management strategies and concludes that cultivation techniques (e.g., tillage) will be reduced in environments with variable climates, while non-chemical tools such as mulching and weed seedbank management will be increased [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Crop and Weed Management in the Era of the EU Green Deal: A Survival Guide

et al. 2022

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Agricultural systems in the EU have become more vulnerable and less sustainable due to an overreliance on herbicides and the tremendous increase in herbicide-resistant weeds. The EU Green Deal aims to reduce the use and risk of chemical pesticides by 50% by 2030, although it is still undefined whether a reduction in herbicide use could be feasible in different farming systems and situations. This review aims to provide a holistic framework for sustainable crop and weed management to reduce the herbicide input and ensure crop protection. Current and future dilemmas and policies that need to be handled to ensure the agroecological transition of the EU’s agricultural systems are also discussed. The integration of non-chemical alternatives for integrated weed management is feasible and includes novel cultivation techniques (e.g., intercropping, false seedbed, reduced tillage, crop rotation and diversification, adjustments on sowing densities and dates), non-chemical tools (e.g., flaming, seed coating, beneficial microorganisms, mechanical weeding, biocontrol agents and natural herbicides), competitive plant material (hybrids and cultivars, cover crops, service crops), and new technologies and precision agriculture tools (e.g., Decision Support Systems, robots, remote sensing, UAVs, omics and nanotechnology). A special focus should be appointed to agroecology and biodiversity conservation.

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“…Or changing weather patterns that will likely lengthen the growing season to the benefit of many weed species (Peters and Gerowitt, 2015). The increased rainfall expected in Northeast USA may decrease the number of days when soils are dry enough to support tractor-drawn equipment, thereby increasing the importance of access to ample equipment and labor to conduct timely weed control efforts (Birthisel et al, 2021). Likewise, timely control may be challenging on large-scale farms since it may require several days to cover the entire acreage.…”

Section: Feasibility Of Adjusting Management Based On Weed Emergencementioning

confidence: 99%

Improving Weed Management Based on the Timing of Emergence Peaks: A Case Study of Problematic Weeds in Northeast USA

Brown¹,

Gallandt²,

DiTommaso³

et al. 2022

Front. Agron.

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We reviewed the timing of the peak rate of emergence for 15 problematic weed species as well as ways to use this knowledge to improve control. Much of the previous literature modeled emergence based on growing-degree-days. For these models, we input average temperature data from several zones of Northeast USA. Within species, model-predicted peak emergence in the warmest and coolest zones differed by an average of 39 days. Also within species, there was some variation between models, likely reflecting different conditions in study locations and population-level differences that will need to be addressed in future modelling efforts. Summarizing both observed and modelled results, emergence typically peaked early-season for barnyardgrass, Canada thistle, common lambsquarters, common ragweed, giant foxtail, large crabgrass, perennial sowthistle, and smooth crabgrass. Emergence typically peaked mid-season for hairy galinsoga, mouseear chickweed, and red sorrel. Emergence typically peaked late-season for annual bluegrass. Several species emerged in a protracted manner, including common chickweed, quackgrass, and redroot pigweed. With this improved knowledge, farmers may target key problematic species of a particular field in several ways. Weed seedling control efforts can be timed at the highest densities or most vulnerable phenological stage. Residual herbicides and suppressive mulches can be timed to maximize effectiveness prior to their breakdown. And if management flexibility allows, crop selection and associated planting dates may be adjusted to improve crop competition or facilitate seedbank depletion through timely bare fallow periods. Such improvements to weed management based on timing of emergence will likely become even more impactful as predictive model reliability continues to improve.

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Review: How will climate change impact the ‘many little hammers’ of ecological weed management?

Cited by 17 publications

References 163 publications

Hoeing as a Possibility for Mechanical Weed Control in Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.)

Hoeing as a Possibility for Mechanical Weed Control in Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.)

Sustainable Crop and Weed Management in the Era of the EU Green Deal: A Survival Guide

Improving Weed Management Based on the Timing of Emergence Peaks: A Case Study of Problematic Weeds in Northeast USA

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