Review ‐ Helicobacter, inflammation, immunology and vaccines

Abstract

Understanding the mechanisms involved in induction and regulation of the immune and inflammatory response to Helicobacter pylori is extremely important in determining disease outcomes. H pylori expresses a plethora of factors that influence the host response. Vaccines against H pylori are desperately needed for the prevention of gastric carcinogenesis, especially with the increasing trends in antimicrobial resistance. This review summarizes some important findings, published between 1 April 2019 and 31 March 2020, in the areas of H pylori‐mediated inflammation, immunity and vaccines.

Effect ofHelicobacter pylorion immunotherapy is gaining more attention

“…We can see that the impact of H. pylori on immunotherapy, the early focus of this study was mainly on the regulation of the immune system by H. pylori . As we mentioned earlier, when H. pylori infected gastric epithelial cells, it will activate the NF‐kB pathway through CagA and HP‐NAP et al, resulting in a large release of cytokines and inflammatory factors in downstream of the pathway, causing gastric mucosal damage and inflammation 29 . Taking advantage of virulence factor as a good immune enhancer, many studies are now devoted to using H. pylori virulence factors as a cancer vaccine or immune adjuvant for cancer therapy 31–37 .…”

“…27,28 During H. pylori infection, on the one hand, virulence factors of H. pylori can activate the immune response and cause inflammation of gastric mucosa. 29 On the other hand, they can induce immune tolerance and cause immune escape to maintain the continuous colonization of H. pylori in gastric mucosa. 30 The regulation of H. pylori on immune system suggests that it may influence the cancer immunotherapy efficacy.…”

“…However, some evidence suggest that the efficacy of ICI are controversial in the treatment of some cancer, such as gastric cancer, where the mechanisms and influence factors of poor efficacy have not been elucidated 27,28 . During H. pylori infection, on the one hand, virulence factors of H. pylori can activate the immune response and cause inflammation of gastric mucosa 29 . On the other hand, they can induce immune tolerance and cause immune escape to maintain the continuous colonization of H. pylori in gastric mucosa 30 .…”

“…As we mentioned earlier, when H. pylori infected gastric epithelial cells, it will activate the NF-kB pathway through CagA and HP-NAP et al, resulting in a large release of cytokines and inflammatory factors in downstream of the pathway, causing gastric mucosal damage and inflammation. 29 Taking advantage of virulence factor as a good immune enhancer, many studies are now devoted to using H. pylori virulence factors as a cancer vaccine or immune adjuvant for cancer therapy. [31][32][33][34][35][36][37] At the same time, in order to avoid the host's immune response, H. pylori also upregulates the expression of PD-1/PD-L1 to inhibit the activity of T cells and other immune cells, thereby maintaining its own continuous colonization in the gastric mucosa.…”

Oltások az emésztőszervek fertőző betegségeiben: történeti áttekintés

“…fázisban megszakadt (43). 2020-as áttekintés szerint továbbra sincs széles körben alkalmazható profilaktikus vagy kuratív oltóanyag a H. pylori-fertőzés megelőzésére/kezelésére, és így a baktérium okozta betegségek megelőzésére sem (44).…”