“…Non-infectious causes of urolithiasis are mainly associated with nutritional causes. These include excess dietary Ca, CP, Ca:P imbalances (high calcium, low phosphorus), P deficiency, increased sodium bicarbonate in feed, vitamin A and D3 deficiency, and water deprivation (Sandhyarani et al, 2022). Calcium is one of the macro minerals essential in poultry diets.…”