Review: Extragastric diseases andHelicobacter pylori

Abstract

The involvement of Helicobacter pylori infection in many extra‐gastroduodenal manifestations remains a fascinating field of investigation. However, for several of these supposed associations, the potential pathogenic mechanism remains unclear. The present review highlights the main associations of H pylori with extra‐gastroduodenal manifestations reported during the last year. We searched for the most relevant studies on this topic, published between April 2019 and March 2020, identified using the term “Helicobacter” in the MEDLINE/Pubmed database. Consistent data emerged from studies investigating metabolic syndrome and ischaemic cardiovascular diseases. Other reported fields of investigation were hepatology, especially focused on non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis, neurology, including Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease, as well as dermatology. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), that comprises Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, may originate from a dysregulation of the host’s immune response to commensal bacteria in individuals with genetic predisposition. The reduction of biodiversity and other specific imbalances in the faecal microbiome composition of IBD patients compared to that of healthy controls support this hypothesis. In this context, an inverse correlation between H pylori infection and IBD prevalence has been confirmed. Similar results were found in patients with kidney diseases and allergic manifestations. There are indications of the possible involvement of H pylori infection in metabolic syndrome and ischaemic cardiovascular diseases. However, due to a series of factors linked to study designs and the multifactorial pathogenesis of some diseases, further studies are needed.

Gut Microbiota: The Missing Link Between Helicobacter pylori Infection and Metabolic Disorders?

“…Among the H. pylori infection-derived extra-gastric manifestations, the link with energy management, weight gain and metabolic homeostasis is still up for debate (6).…”

“…diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome) and autoimmune and inflammatory (e.g. autoimmune gastritis, immune thrombocytopenia purpura, autoimmune thyroid diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases) disorders (6).…”

The penicillin binding protein 1A of Helicobacter pylori, its amoxicillin binding site and access routes

“…A global systematic review concluded that approximately 4.4 billion individuals are positive for H. pylori infection worldwide, and its prevalence varies from 18.9 to 87.7% of the populations [ 2 ]. This infection is also associated with an increased incidence of extra-gastric diseases, such as cardiovascular, respiratory, hepatic, and allergic diseases [ 3 ]. Successful eradication of H. pylori infection would effectively reduce the prevalence of the mentioned complications, especially gastric cancer, and is therefore considered as one of the controllable factors in the process of gastric carcinogenesis [ 4 ].…”

Bacterial Infection and Non-Hodgkin B-Cell Lymphoma: Interactions between Pathogen, Host and the Tumor Environment

“…Gastric MALT lymphoma is a low-grade NHL, and is known to be a consequence of chronic inflammatory processes induced by H. pylori [ 9 , 19 ]. Intensive research in recent years using modern molecular techniques along with cellular and animal models has demonstrated the importance of H. pylori as a carcinogen and has greatly expanded the knowledge of the interaction of these spiral bacteria on the lymphoproliferative processes [ 20 , 21 , 22 ]. The pathogenesis of H. pylori -dependent chronic gastritis leading to metaplasia and activation of the carcinogenic processes is still the subject of intense research.…”