Recent advances in the noninvasive analyses of plant metabolism include stress imaging techniques, mainly developed for vegetative tissues. We explored if infrared thermography can be used to predict whether a quiescent seed will germinate or die upon water uptake. Thermal profiles of viable, aged, and dead Pisum sativum seeds were recorded, and image analysis of 22,000 images per individual seed showed that infrared thermography can detect imbibition-and germination-associated biophysical and biochemical changes. These "thermal fingerprints" vary with viability in this species and in Triticum aestivum and Brassica napus seeds. Thermogenesis of the small individual B. napus seeds was at the limit of the technology. We developed a computer model of "virtual pea seeds," that uses Monte Carlo simulation, based on the heat production of major seed storage compounds to unravel physico-chemical processes of thermogenesis. The simulation suggests that the cooling that dominates the early thermal profiles results from the dissolution of low molecular-weight carbohydrates. Moreover, the kinetics of the production of such "cooling" compounds over the following 100 h is dependent on seed viability. We also developed a deterministic tool that predicts in the first 3 hours of water uptake, when seeds can be redried and stored again, whether or not a pea seed will germinate. We believe that the early separation of individual, ungerminated seeds (live, aged, or dead) before destructive germination assessment creates unique opportunities for integrative studies on cell death, differentiation, and development.aging | crop | germination | imaging | stress S eeds are attractive experimental model systems to study general biological phenomena, such as aging, cell death, and development. Desiccation tolerant "orthodox" seeds can be stored long term in the dry state, but lethal damage can be induced rapidly by "artificial aging," involving the elevation of seed moisture content (MC) and temperature (1). However, the biochemical and molecular interpretation of aging is hindered by the use of inseparable populations of viable and nonviable seeds, in which the partitioning of analytes in seeds of differential quality is unknown. Seed-quality studies would benefit from a tool that identifies individual viable and nonviable seeds before use. Moreover, global agriculture is fundamentally dependent on the production, distribution, and germination of high-quality seeds.Pioneering studies (2-7) using microcalorimetry (8, 9) demonstrated that metabolic heat flows can be used to assess gross metabolism associated with germination processes. However, microcalorimeters do not capture thermal activity in the first phase of seed imbibition while samples equilibrate in the instrument. In addition, they are closed systems, preventing dissipation of heat and gas, with potential confounding feedback on seed metabolism. Consequently, these microcalorimetric studies were inconclusive as to whether temperature rises or falls during the initial stages of s...