Review—Carbon Electrodes in Magnesium Sulphur Batteries: Performance Comparison of Electrodes and Future Directions

Abstract

Magnesium-sulfur batteries have developed as a new and emerging technology benefiting from high energy density, low cost, reasonable safety, and excellent energy storage due to the high natural abundance of electrochemically active materials and low dendrite formation in magnesium. Here we report various enhancement strategies and also focus on using carbon electrodes, coating layers of carbon over the cathodes, carbon nanotubes, reduced graphene oxide, graphene-carbon nanotubes in magnesium-sulfur batteries because of its high conductivity and improved overall electrochemical functioning of the magnesium-sulfur battery. However, developing these batteries remains challenging due to significant problems caused during theirs operation, such as self-discharge, Mg-anode passivation, insufficient reversible capacity, low sulfur cathode utilization, and rapid capacity loss. We acknowledge the synthesis of non-nucleophilic electrolytes, both situ characterizations of anode or electrode reactions and kinetics, strategic development of sulfur-based cathodes and carbon electrode in Mg-S battery as a critical factor toward improvement in cycle performance, specific capacity, overpotential and working voltage, and confinement of Mg-PS polysulfide, to limit the shuttling of polysulphides, steady accumulation and desolvation of magnesium divalent ions to create a magnesium-conducting surface electrode interphase(SEI). We also present a detailed description of the Mg-S battery, its challenges, future research directions for the practical implementation of the various developed electrolyte and electrodes

Retracted: Advances in chitosan biopolymer composite materials: from bioengineering, wastewater treatment to agricultural applications

“…It was evident that it may easily create composites with various metals (N 2 , O 2 , Si, etc), compounds (Al 2 O 3 , Fe 3 O 4 , etc), carbonaceous materials (biochar, carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphene oxide, activated carbon, etc), and agrowaste (coconut husk, tea, etc). Chitosan's thermal and mechanical stability can be increased by utilizing grafting and cross-linking agents and various biopolymers such as cellulose [147,[154][155][156][157][158][159]. Chitosan derived from chitin can be modified using a variety of synthesis techniques (electrospraying, electrospinning, ionotropic gelation, reverse micelle, and spray drying), allowing it to be used in a variety of fields, including agriculture, biomedical, agro-waste management, water treatment, microbial fuel cells, cosmetics, textiles, paper, and pulp.…”

A review of the function of using carbon nanomaterials in membrane filtration for contaminant removal from wastewater

“…It is essential to communicate both the merits and demerits of these materials. The potential of CNMs in wastewater treatment is immense, and further research and experiments must be done to exploit them to their full potential [87][88][89].…”

Review—Chemical Structures and Stability of Carbon-doped Graphene Nanomaterials and the Growth Temperature of Carbon Nanomaterials Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition for Electrochemical Catalysis Reactions

“…Nonetheless, even though significant work has been expended in its advancement, several obstacles remain that must be solved. 139,[160][161][162] To realize the significance of energy and environmental applications, new carbon nanostructures must be discovered using sustainable and low-cost methods. The development of a reliable and scalable transfer mechanism for graphene growth on Cu (or any other metallic substrate) is still a difficult problem.…”