REVIEW ARTICLE: Tolerance Mechanisms in Pregnancy: A Reappraisal of the Role of Class I Paternal MHC Antigens*

Clark, David A.; Chaouat, Gérard; Wong, Karrie; Gorczynski, Reginald M.; Kinský, R

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0897.2009.00774.x

Cited by 41 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 85 publications

(133 reference statements)

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“…There are also studies indicating that allo-immune abortus has been seen more often in cases where there is a difference in inhibiting KIR receptors (2DL1, 2DL2, 2DL3) between spouses and in women who has a limited number of KIR repertoire [2,20]. Flores et al [7] conducted similar studies in 30 couples and their findings supported that in recurrent miscarriage subjects, the balance between inhibitory and activating receptors present in natural killer cells is inclined toward an activating state that may contribute to pregnancy loss.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of KIR genes in recurrent miscarriage

Öztürk

Şahin

Karaçor

et al. 2012

J Assist Reprod Genet

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Purpose Natural killer (NK) cells express killer immunoglobulinlike receptors (KIRs) which recognize HLA class I molecules on trophoblasts. KIRs could either activate NK cells or inhibit them to produce soluble factors necessary for the maintenance of pregnancy, thus they are suspected of being involved in the causes of recurrent miscarriage. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether there is any possible association between KIR genes, genotypes and recurrent miscarriage. Methods The present study was carried out on 40 women who had unexplained recurrent miscarriage and 90 controls. Sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes analysis were used to investigate 16 KIR genes. All data were statistically analyzed by Fisher Exact Test. Results The rate of Bx genotypes that consists elevated number of activating KIR genes was significantly higher (p00.014) in women with recurrent miscarriage when compared with the control group. Additionally, the frequency of AA genotype (AA1) of the subjects in the study group was significantly lower than the frequency of the subjects in the control group (p00,014). Furthermore, there were no statistically significant differences in the frequencies of the individual KIR genes between women with recurrent miscarriage and the control group. Conclusions Inclined balance of KIRs toward an activating state in NK cells may contribute to recurrent miscarriage.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of KIR genes in recurrent miscarriage

Öztürk

Şahin

Karaçor

et al. 2012

J Assist Reprod Genet

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“…Three adhesion-related families were selected following the same strategy as for cadherin data set A: ADAM 22 (IPR006586-44 genes); integrins 23 (INTs, IPR000413-19 genes); and tyrosine kinases 24 (TKs, IPR008266-99 genes). Three families unrelated with cellular adhesion were also selected: ARF 25 (IPR006688-106 genes); MHC 26 (IPR011162-90 genes); and POU 27 (IPR013847-102 genes). From within all adhesion-related genes (n¼162 genes, derived from ADAM, INT and TK families), adhesion-unrelated genes (n¼298 genes, derived from ARF, MHC and POU families), 1000 randomized sets, of 104 genes each, were selected (because data set A included 104 genes).…”

Section: Total Intron Number Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the intronic portion of cadherin superfamily members, common cancer orchestrators

et al. 2012

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Cadherins are cell-cell adhesion proteins essential for the maintenance of tissue architecture and integrity, and their impairment is often associated with human cancer. Knowledge regarding regulatory mechanisms associated with cadherin misexpression in cancer is scarce. Specific features of the intronic-structure and intronic-based regulatory mechanisms in the cadherin superfamily are unidentified. This study aims at systematically characterizing the intronic portion of cadherin superfamily members and the identification of intronic regions constituting putative targets/triggers of regulation, using a bioinformatic approach and biological data mining. Our study demonstrates that the cadherin superfamily genes harbour specific characteristics in comparison to all non-cadherin genes, both from the genomic and transcriptional standpoints. Cadherin superfamily genes display higher average total intron number and significantly longer introns than other genes and across the entire vertebrate lineage. Moreover, in the human genome, we observed an uncommon high frequency of MIR (mammalian-wide interspersed repeats) and MaLR (mammalian-wide interspersed repeats, a subtype of LTR) regulatory-associated repetitive elements at 5¢-located introns, concomitantly with increased de novo intronic transcription. Using this approach, we identified cadherin intronic-specific sites that may constitute novel targets/triggers of cadherin superfamily expression regulation. These findings pinpoint the need to identify mechanisms affecting particularly MIR and MaLR elements located in introns 2 and 3 of human cadherin genes, possibly important in the expression modulation of this superfamily in homeostasis and cancer.

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“…[4,[8][9][10][11][12] In this section, we will briefly highlight the mechanisms involving the immune cells, both at the site and in the periphery, that contribute to the maintenance of tolerance at the FMI.…”

Section: Special Editionmentioning

confidence: 99%