Review article: Simulation in anesthesia: state of the science and looking forward

Review article: Assessment in anesthesiology education

“…13,14 Combining various simulation modalities (e.g., standardized patients, task trainers, electromechanical mannequins) allows for a broader modelling of practice situations, making it possible to measure the multiple abilities or competencies required in anesthesia practice. [15][16][17][18] Nevertheless, while some very innovative scenario designs have been forwarded, there remains the need to ensure that student, resident, or practitioner assessments generate resulting scores or decisions that are meaningful and accurate. The qualities of ''good'' assessments are discussed in the next section.…”

“…35,36 As mentioned previously, the long history of simulation in anesthesiology 37 coupled with advances in technology has effectively broadened the potential assessment domain for the specialty. 18 This affiliation has allowed for the measurement of both procedural 17 and non-technical skills such as communication, situational awareness, teamwork, and professionalism. 38 A thorough review of the use of simulation for assessment in anesthesiology can be found elsewhere.…”

Review article: Leading the future: guiding two predominant paradigm shifts in medical education through scholarship

“…5 Whatever criticisms might be levied at this movement, there is overwhelming evidence that it is here to stay. The 20 th century model of medical education conferring competence is ''time-based''. Time-based medical education focuses on curriculum and experience obtained over a certain time interval.…”

“…18,19 There would be a need for faculty development in simulation, which is presumed to play an important role in CBE for deliberate practice, accelerated ''hands-on'' learning, and formative assessment in a patient safe environment. 20 Individualized learning will assuredly mean shorter training times for some, but it could also mean longer training times for others; thus, the economic benefit for governments may be neutral. As well, individualized learning could alter the service-to-education ratio of clinical training.…”

Special theme issue on advances in education in anesthesiology

“…Evidence of ''transfer of learning'' to the clinical setting exists. 6 While simulation has been integrated into undergraduate curricula in some medical schools, its uptake has become increasingly widespread in anesthesia residency programs. For simulation to realize its potential impact, further research is needed to understand how best to optimize this modality of learning, how to transfer knowledge of research findings to practice, and also how to broaden the simulation modalities used in anesthesia.…”