Review Article: A Brief Review of Formaldehyde Carcinogenesis in Relation to Rat Nasal Pathology and Human Health Risk Assessment

Morgan, Kevin T.

doi:10.1177/019262339702500307

Cited by 94 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(20 reference statements)

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“…Importantly, these are all pathological changes described in SWMMC children (9). Formaldehyde-a major pollutant in SWMMC-is a potent carcinogen in F344 rats (38,51); rhinitis, squamous metaplasia, hyperplasias, and dysplasias precede the appearance of SCC in the rat nasal passages (38). Mutagenic PM 10 (16) deposited on unciliated regions adds to the potential carcinogenic burden (14).…”

Section: Histopathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Nasal Biopsies of Children Exposed to Air Pollutants

et al. 2001

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Southwest Metropolitan Mexico City (SWMMC) atmosphere is a complex mixture of air pollutants, including ozone, particulate matter, and aldehydes. Children in SWMMC are exposed chronically and sequentially to numerous toxicants, and they exhibit signi cant nasal damage. The objective of this study was to assess p53 accumulation by immunohistochemistr y in nasal biopsies of SWMMC children. We evaluated 111 biopsies from 107 children (83 exposed SWMMC children and 24 control children residents in a pollutant-compliant Caribbean island). Complete clinical histories and physical examinations, including an ear-nose-throat (ENT) exam were done. There was a signi cant statistical difference in the upper and lower respiratory symptomatolog y and ENT ndings between control and exposed children ( p < 0.001). Control children gave no respiratory symptomatolog y in the 3 months prior to the study; their biopsies exhibited normal ciliated respiratory epithelium and were p53-negative . SWMMC children complained of epistaxis, nasal obstruction, and crusting. Irregular areas of whitish-gray recessed mucosa over the inferior and middle turbinates were seen in 25% of SWMMC children, and their nasal biopsies displayed basal cell hyperplasia, decreased numbers of ciliated and goblet cells, neutrophilic epithelial in ltrates, squamous metaplasia, and mild dysplasia. Four of 21 SWMMC children with grossly abnormal mucosal changes exhibited strong transmural nuclear p53 staining in their nasal biopsies (p 0.005, odds ratio 26). In the context of lifetime exposures to toxic and potentially carcinogenic air pollutants, p53 nasal induction in children could potentially represent. a) a checkpoin t response to toxic exposures, setting up a selective condition for p53 mutation, or b) a p53 mutation has already occurred as a result of such selection. Because the biological signi cance of p53 nuclear accumulation in the nasal biopsies of these children is not clear at this point, we strongly suggest that children with macroscopic nasal mucosal abnormalities should be closely monitored by the ENT physician. Parents should be advised to decrease the children's number of outdoor exposure hours and encourage a balanced diet with an important component of fresh fruits and vegetables.

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Section: Histopathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Nasal Biopsies of Children Exposed to Air Pollutants

et al. 2001

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“…IARC (9) considers FA to be a probable human nasal carcinogen (Group A2). The biological effects of FA arise from its interactions with proteins and nucleic acids (10).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of UV, Fluorescence, and Electrochemical Detectors for the Analysis of Formaldehyde-Induced DNA Adducts

Zhong

Hee

2005

Journal of Analytical Toxicology

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]A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for normal and formaldehyde-modified deoxynucleosides after hydrolysis of exposed and unexposed human placental DNA was compared with ultraviolet (UV), fluorescence (FL), and electrochemical (EC) detectors. The lower quantifiable limits (LQL) for UV detection at 254 nm were 10-22 pmol for N~-hydroxymethyldeoxyadenosine {N6-dA), N2-hydroxymethyldeoxyguanosine (N2-dG), and N4-hydroxymethyldeoxycytidine (N4-dC), with N4-dC having the highest LQL and the 2 purines the lowest LQL Similarly, LQLs using FL (excitation: 264 nm; emission: 340 nm) were 14-30 pmol, with N2-dG having the lowest LQL and N6-dA the highest. The LQL for N2-dG by EC detection at +1.10 V was 27 pmol, over 50-fold greater sensitivity than for the other hydroxymethyl deoxynucleosides; deoxyguanosine was similarly detected more sensitively than the other normal deoxynucleosides. Percent relative standard deviations ranged between 6 and 13% for both intra-and interrun assays for all detectors. HPLC-UV allows all the deoxynucleosides to be detected without the flow cell washing and use of fresh solutions necessary for the more selective FL detection, the latter not having enzyme blank interferences. EC allows only deoxyguanosine and N2-dG to be detected at pmol levels with no blank interferences. HPLC-UV allowed more sensitive detection of N2-dG and N6-dA than the other techniques and is recommended. The UV, FL, and EC properties of the hydroxymethyl deoxynucleosides of dA, dG, and dC are reported for the first time.

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“…Formaldehyde is one of the chemicals and, therefore, a NOAEL (No Observed Adverse Effects Level) may be established from which to derive a health-based exposure limit [13][14][15][16]. Considering these characteristics it was possible to propose this new risk assessment methodology, based on Queensland University proposal and make an association between occupational exposure to formaldehyde air concentrations and health effects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aspects to consider for selection of chemical risk assessment methodology: the case of formaldehyde occupational exposure

Viegas¹,

Prista²

2010

WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment

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There are several risk assessment methodologies available that can be applied in contexts where occupational exposure to chemical agents occur. However, there are some aspects that should be considered for selecting a more suitable and accurate risk assessment methodology.A study was carried out where two different risk assessment methodologies in ten anatomy and pathology laboratories were applied. One of the methodologies is propose by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the other methodology was based on the risk assessment methodology of Queensland University and defined by the authors to study this specific occupational setting.The two risk assessment methodologies obtained different results. Application of EPA methodology for risk assessment provides data that classifies this occupational setting similar to others where occupational exposure to formaldehyde occurs. However, differences and particular characteristics of this occupational setting are not possible to know due to the fact of relying only on TWA 8h values. The proposal methodology ranks with high risk 30% of the activities studied in the ten laboratories and, 70% of the laboratories had at least one activity classified as high risk. The activities that were classified with very high risk and high risk were macroscopic exams developed always by the pathologist. Despite EPA methodology allowing applications in occupational settings, it only provides information about the risk for work location, not allowing a risk assessment by activity.

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Review Article: A Brief Review of Formaldehyde Carcinogenesis in Relation to Rat Nasal Pathology and Human Health Risk Assessment

Cited by 94 publications

References 39 publications

Nasal Biopsies of Children Exposed to Air Pollutants

Nasal Biopsies of Children Exposed to Air Pollutants

Comparison of UV, Fluorescence, and Electrochemical Detectors for the Analysis of Formaldehyde-Induced DNA Adducts

Aspects to consider for selection of chemical risk assessment methodology: the case of formaldehyde occupational exposure

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