Review and prospect of thermal analysis technology applied to study thermal properties of energetic materials

Liu, Ziru

doi:10.1016/j.fpc.2021.05.002

Cited by 41 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Thermal analysis technologies—especially differential thermal analysis (DTA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TG)—have been widely used to investigate the decomposition of energetic materials, sometimes in combination with Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy or mass spectrometry (MS) for the identification of degradation products [ 7 , 8 , 9 ]. In contrast, in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier-transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy has not yet been used to characterize the degradation process of these systems, although it allows the heating of samples under different atmospheres, and represents a powerful technique for studying thermal phenomena also affected by the reactive nature of contacting gases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Combined Effect of Ambient Conditions and Diluting Salt on the Degradation of Picric Acid: An In Situ DRIFT Study

Sanchirico¹,

Lisi²,

Sarli³

2022

Materials

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An unexpected promoting effect of KBr, used as a diluting salt, on the degradation of picric acid (PA) was observed during in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier-transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy experiments performed here under accelerated ageing conditions—at 80 °C and under an inert or oxidative atmosphere. While the formation of potassium picrate was excluded, this promoting effect—which is undesired as it masks the possible effects of test conditions on the ageing process of the material—was assumed to favor a first step of the decomposition mechanism of PA, which involves the inter- or intramolecular transfer of hydrogen to the nitro group, and possibly proceeds up to the formation of an amino group. An alternative diluting salt, ZnSe, which is much less commonly used in infrared spectroscopy than KBr, was then proposed in order to avoid misleading interpretation of the results. ZnSe was found to act as a truly inert diluting salt, preventing the promoting effect of KBr. The much more chemically inert nature (towards PA) of ZnSe compared to KBr was also confirmed, at much higher temperatures than DRIFT experiments, by dynamic differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) runs carried out on pure PA (i.e., PA without salt) and PA/salt (ZnSe or KBr) solid mixtures.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Combined Effect of Ambient Conditions and Diluting Salt on the Degradation of Picric Acid: An In Situ DRIFT Study

Sanchirico¹,

Lisi²,

Sarli³

2022

Materials

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“…[32] These reported mechanisms from the literature indicate that the pyrolysis of the nitropyrazole derivatives may include different kinds of pathways, such as hydrogen shift, the elimination of N 2, as well as internal redox reactions. To further prove the results obtained from the in situ FTIR spectroscopy experiments and calculations based on the ReaxFF force field, the DSC-TG-FTIR-MS quadruple technology [33] was then applied to perform the real-time and continuous analysis of the gaseous products during the pyrolysis of LLM-116 and LLM-226. (Figure 10) According to the experimental mass results obtained, most fragment products detected coincide with the results obtained in the previous sections, except for the fragment of HN 2 , whose signal was not detected.…”

Section: 𝐸 = 𝐸 + 𝐸 + 𝐸 + 𝐸 + 𝐸 + 𝐸 + 𝐸 + 𝐸mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Studies on Thermal Decompositions of Dinitropyrazole-Based Energetic Materials

Zhou

Zhang²,

Huo³

et al. 2021

Molecules

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Dinitropyrazole is an important structure for the design and synthesis of energetic materials. In this work, we reported the first comparative thermal studies of two representative dinitropyrazole-based energetic materials, 4-amino-3,5-dinitropyrazole (LLM-116) and its novel trimer derivative (LLM-226). Both the experimental and theoretical results proved the active aromatic N-H moiety would cause incredible variations in the physicochemical characteristics of the obtained energetic materials. Thermal behaviors and kinetic studies of the two related dinitropyrazole-based energetic structures showed that impressive thermal stabilization could be achieved after the trimerization, but also would result in a less concentrated heat-release process. Detailed analysis of condensed-phase systems and the gaseous products during the thermal decomposition processes, and simulation studies based on ReaxFF force field, indicated that the ring opening of LLM-116 was triggered by hydrogen transfer of the active aromatic N-H moiety. In contrast, the initial decomposition of LLM-226 was caused by the rupture of carbon-nitrogen bonds at the diazo moiety.

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“…Herein, we reported a comparative thermal research on two chosen molecular perovskite energetic structures, (C 6 H 14 ON 2 )[NH 4 (ClO 4 ) 3 ] and (C 6 H 14 N 2 ) [Na(ClO 4 ) 3 ], in which different cations were embedded (Figure 1). The thermal behaviors, the nonisothermal decomposition reaction kinetics, as well as the gaseous and solid decomposition products of (C 6 H 14 ON 2 )[NH 4 (ClO 4 ) 3 ] and (C 6 H 14 N 2 ) [Na(ClO 4 ) 3 ] were investigated and compared with those of (C 6 H 14 N 2 )[NH 4 (ClO 4 ) 3 ] through the combination of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), simultaneous thermal analysis (STA), solid phase in situ FTIR spectroscopy, and DSC-TG-FTIR-MS technologies [16]. Possible decomposition mechanism was also discussed based on the experiment and calculation results.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Thermal Research on Energetic Molecular Perovskite Structures

Zhou

Zhang²,

Chen³

et al. 2022

Molecules

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Molecular perovskites are promising practicable energetic materials with easy access and outstanding performances. Herein, we reported the first comparative thermal research on energetic molecular perovskite structures of (C6H14N2)[NH4(ClO4)3], (C6H14N2)[Na(ClO4)3], and (C6H14ON2)[NH4(ClO4)3] through both calculation and experimental methods with different heating rates such as 2, 5, 10, and 20 °C/min. The peak temperature of thermal decompositions of (C6H14ON2)[NH4(ClO4)3] and (C6H14N2) [Na(ClO4)3] were 384 and 354 °C at the heating rate of 10 °C/min, which are lower than that of (C6H14N2)[NH4(ClO4)3] (401 °C). The choice of organic component with larger molecular volume, as well as the replacement of ammonium cation by alkali cation weakened the cubic cage skeletons; meanwhile, corresponding kinetic parameters were calculated with thermokinetics software. The synergistic catalysis thermal decomposition mechanisms of the molecular perovskites were also investigated based on condensed-phase thermolysis/Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy method and DSC-TG-FTIR-MS quadruple technology at different temperatures.

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Review and prospect of thermal analysis technology applied to study thermal properties of energetic materials

Cited by 41 publications

References 20 publications

The Combined Effect of Ambient Conditions and Diluting Salt on the Degradation of Picric Acid: An In Situ DRIFT Study

The Combined Effect of Ambient Conditions and Diluting Salt on the Degradation of Picric Acid: An In Situ DRIFT Study

Comparative Studies on Thermal Decompositions of Dinitropyrazole-Based Energetic Materials

Comparative Thermal Research on Energetic Molecular Perovskite Structures

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