Review and Perspectives of Sustainable Lignin, Cellulose, and Lignocellulosic Carbon Special Structures for Energy Storage

Abstract

Advancements to tackle the 21st-century energy crisis are being made focusing majorly on sustainability. Lignin and cellulose comprise major parts of biomass and have plenty of advantages such as abundance, eco-friendliness, cost effectiveness, sustainability, and renewability. Utilizing them as precursors for electrode materials for supercapacitors and batteries is promising. The present review discusses extensively the exploitation of tunable features of different special structures of carbons derived from components of lignin, cellulose, and lignocellulose, and their transformations as electrode materials for supercapacitors and battery applications. The structures have been categorized into carbon nanosheets, carbon nanofibers, hierarchically porous carbon, and heteroatom-doped carbon. Their performance studies with various electrochemical optimizations for energy storage have been discussed comprehensively with a significant emphasis on the structural morphologies of the discussed materials. As the materials also have some limitations, the review highlights a few gaps and challenges to be encountered for further developments with a future perspective in energy storage.

Review and Perspectives of Monolithic Metal–Organic Frameworks: Toward Industrial Applications

“…In 2023, space cooling and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning account for approximately 10% of global electricity consumption . To alleviate the energy crisis, suitable energy-saving adsorbents for refrigeration systems are developed to address the shortcomings associated with traditional adsorbent materials, e.g., silica gel and zeolites . Herein, high-density shape-specific monolithic MOFs (UiO-66-NH 2 and UiO-66) have been developed.…”

“…118 To alleviate the energy crisis, suitable energy-saving adsorbents for refrigeration systems are developed to address the shortcomings associated with traditional adsorbent materials, e.g., silica gel and zeolites. 119 Herein, high-density shape-specific monolithic MOFs (UiO-66-NH 2 and UiO-66) have been developed. They have exhibited excellent volumetric gas/vapor uptake (CO 2 , H 2 O), and at low regeneration temperatures (≤100 °C), the adsorption performance does not decrease owing to MOF synthesis at a bulk density of 0.76 cm −3 with a coefficient of performance of 0.71.…”

A Review of Nb2CTx MXene as an Emerging 2D Material: Synthesis, Applications in Rechargeable Batteries and Supercapacitors, Progress, and Outlook

“…The development and fabrication of efficient energy devices are indeed to demonstrate a balance between the demand and supply chains. The population explosion, war, and economic instability resulted in the scarcity in environment-friendly energy production . The energy scarcity is an impediment that has a crucial role in determining the development of next-generation ultramodern electronic devices and energy devices for human use .…”

Facile Synthesis of Pineapple Waste-Derived Carbon and Polyaniline Composite for High-Energy-Density Asymmetric Supercapacitors

“…Till now various biowaste precursors such as rice husk, sugarcane bagasse, neem and other dried leaves, human hair, fruit peels, paper, chestnut etc. have been used for developing AC for energy storage application. − For instance, low-cost hazelnut shell residues were used to produce hard carbon for sodium ion batteries . The carbon electrode showed 233 mAh/g capacity, but at a very low discharge rate (0.12 A/g).…”