Review and history of photon cross section calculations

Abstract

Photon (x-ray, gamma-ray, bremsstrahlung) mass attenuation coefficients, mu/rho, are among the most widely used physical parameters employed in medical diagnostic and therapy computations, as well as in diverse applications in other fields such as nuclear power plant shielding, health physics and industrial irradiation and monitoring, and in x-ray crystallography. This review traces the evolution of this data base from its empirical beginnings totally derived from measurements beginning in 1907 by Barkla and Sadler and continuing up through the 1935 Allen compilation (published virtually unchanged in all editions up through 1971-1972 of the Chemical Rubber Handbook), to the 1949 semi-empirical compilation of Victoreen, as our theoretical understanding of the constituent Compton scattering, photoabsorption and pair production interactions of photons with atoms became more quantitative. The 1950s saw the advent of completely theoretical (guided by available measured data) systematic compilations such as in the works of Davisson and Evans, and by White-Grodstein under the direction of Fano, using mostly theory developed in the 1930s (pre-World War II) by Sauter, Bethe, Heitler and others. Post-World War II new theoretical activity, and the introduction of the electronic automatic computer, led to the more extensive and more accurate compilations in the 1960s and 1970s by Storm and Israel, and by Berger and Hubbell. Today's mu/rho compilations by Cullen et al, by Seltzer, Berger and Hubbell, and by others, collectively spanning the ten decades of photon energy from 10 eV to 100 GeV, for all elements Z= 1 to 100, draw heavily on the 1970s shell-by-shell photoabsorption computations of Scofield, the 1960s coherent and incoherent scattering computations of Cromer et al, and the 1980 computations of electron-positron pair and triplet computations of Hubbell, Gimm and Øverbø, these names being representative of the vast legions of other researchers whose work fed into these computations.

Evaluation of nine 3D printing materials as tissue equivalent materials in terms of mass attenuation coefficient and mass density

“…Dividing the linear attenuation coefficient µ by the density of the absorber  is defined as mass attenuation coefficient, which measured by m2/kg (Podgorsak, 2010;Beutel et al, 2000). Based on Hubbell (2006) theory the total mass attenuation coefficient (µ/) as a combination of cross sections of the individual effect values for Rayleigh(R), photo-effect (), pair production () including triplet production and Compton scattering (c) divided by the atomic mass unit (mu) and the relative atomic mass of the absorber (A) (Hubbell, 2006) (Eq. 1).…”

Calculation of the total Rayleigh scattering cross sections of photons in the energy range of 30–50keV for Nb and Mo elements

“…In Rayleigh scattering, photons are scattered by bound electrons in a process in which the atom is neither ionized nor excited. The photon loses only a negligible fraction of its energy, since the recoil is by the entire atom including the nucleus, rather than by an individual atomic electron as in the Compton effect (Hubbell, 1999(Hubbell, , 2006. For the low energy region below 100 keV, the Rayleigh scattering is significantly the sole component of the elastic scattering (Kissel, 2000;Kissel et al, 1980).…”

Assessment of Photon Propagation through Fatby Monte Carlo Simulation and Experimental Work in Linear Accelerator of Imam Reza Hospital

“…The probability for the occurrence of the single processes and the resulting change of energy and direction of created particles and the incident photon is governed by the differential cross sections. They depend on the atomic number of the medium and the energy of the photon and are based on theoretical or semi-empirical values [12]. The photoelectric effect is the dominant interaction of photons with matter, for those photons whose energy falls approximately in the range 1 keV to 0.5 MeV.…”