Review and analysis of fuel cell-based, micro-cogeneration for residential applications: Current state and future opportunities

A Comprehensive Review and Technical Guideline for Optimal Design and Operations of Fuel Cell-Based Cogeneration Systems

“…If the purpose is to achieve accuracy for detailed analysis, then the 3D approach is most suitable for the modeling approach. The mass, momentum and energy equations are presented in three dimensions with the heat transfer from the outer stack to surrounding surfaces [11]. This approach is mostly used for analyzing a single fuel cell where its geometry is appropriately discretized using the finite volume or finite difference method [11].…”

“…In general, hydrogen as fuel moves through the porous anode while the oxygen as the oxidant transport through the porous cathode. In the interface between the anode and cathode, the hydrogen breaks up to H + ions and two electrons, which are absorbed to the electrode surface and pass through an external circuit to create direct current power as explained in the literature [11]. At the same time, the oxygen molecule at the porous anode combines with the two electrons from the electrode to form O 2− ion, which diffuses to the electrolyte layer and reacts with H + ions to form water molecule.…”

“…Due to the high-cost of pure hydrogen, some fuel cells can be driven using hydrocarbon fuels. Hydrocarbons can be used via external reforming such as steam reforming or fuel combustion or via internal reforming on a catalyst layer with direct electro-oxidation [11]. Steam reforming is an endothermic reaction that reforms the hydrocarbon to hydrogen and syngas (CO).…”

“…Fuel cells can be categorized as pure renewable energy generation if pure hydrogen is used to drive the cells as they only produce water as the by-product [11]. However, the process of producing hydrogen, which mostly comes from the hydrocarbon reforming processes must be taken into consideration when calculating the life cycle assessment of the fuel cells.…”

Optimal Energy Dispatch Controller for Fuel Cell-Integrated Multi-Zone Building

“…The potential benefits of integrating fuel cells into buildings have been identified in early studies [5,6]. Recent developments are reported in reviews papers [7][8][9][10]. In particular, in Ref.…”