Review

doi:10.1515/bchm.1998.379.8-9.941

BCHM

1998

DOI: 10.1515/bchm.1998.379.8-9.941

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Review

Abstract: The replication licensing system acts to ensure that no section of the genome is replicated more than once in a single cell cycle. Experiments using Xen op us egg extracts have revealed that the licensing system consists of two components, named RLF-M and RLF-B. Whereas the function of RLF-B is still unclear, RLF-M has been shown to consist of all six members of the MCM/P1 family proteins, which appear to be the structural component of the licensing system. The origin recognition complex (ORC) and Cdc6/Cdc18 a… Show more

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Cited by 15 publications

References 114 publications

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The Ki-67 protein: From the known and the unknown

2000

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The expression of the human Ki-67 protein is strictly associated with cell proliferation. During interphase, the antigen can be exclusively detected within the nucleus, whereas in mitosis most of the protein is relocated to the surface of the chromosomes. The fact that the Ki-67 protein is present during all active phases of the cell cycle (G(1), S, G(2), and mitosis), but is absent from resting cells (G(0)), makes it an excellent marker for determining the so-called growth fraction of a given cell population. In the first part of this study, the term proliferation marker is discussed and examples of the applications of anti-Ki-67 protein antibodies in diagnostics of human tumors are given. The fraction of Ki-67-positive tumor cells (the Ki-67 labeling index) is often correlated with the clinical course of the disease. The best-studied examples in this context are carcinomas of the prostate and the breast. For these types of tumors, the prognostic value for survival and tumor recurrence has repeatedly been proven in uni- and multivariate analysis. The preparation of new monoclonal antibodies that react with the Ki-67 equivalent protein from rodents now extends the use of the Ki-67 protein as a proliferation marker to laboratory animals that are routinely used in basic research. The second part of this review focuses on the biology of the Ki-67 protein. Our current knowledge of the Ki-67 gene and protein structure, mRNA splicing, expression, and cellular localization during the cell-division cycle is summarized and discussed. Although the Ki-67 protein is well characterized on the molecular level and extensively used as a proliferation marker, the functional significance still remains unclear. There are indications, however, that Ki-67 protein expression is an absolute requirement for progression through the cell-division cycle.

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The Ki-67 protein: From the known and the unknown

2000

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AnMCM2-related gene is expressed in proliferating cells of intact and regenerating planarians

et al. 2000

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Myc and the Replicative CMG Helicase: The Creation and Destruction of Cancer

Reed

Alexandrow

2020

BioEssays

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Myc‐driven tumorigenesis involves a non‐transcriptional role for Myc in over‐activating replicative Cdc45‐MCM‐GINS (CMG) helicases. Excessive stimulation of CMG helicases by Myc mismanages CMG function by diminishing the number of reserve CMGs necessary for fidelity of DNA replication and recovery from replicative stresses. One potential outcome of these events is the creation of DNA damage that alters genomic structure/function, thereby acting as a driver for tumorigenesis and tumor heterogeneity. Intriguingly, another potential outcome of this Myc‐induced CMG helicase over‐activation is the creation of a vulnerability in cancer whereby tumor cells specifically lack enough unused reserve CMG helicases to recover from fork‐stalling drugs commonly used in chemotherapy. This review provides molecular and clinical support for this provocative hypothesis that excessive activation of CMG helicases by Myc may not only drive tumorigenesis, but also confer an exploitable “reserve CMG helicase vulnerability” that supports developing innovative CMG‐focused therapeutic approaches for cancer management.

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Review

Cited by 15 publications

References 114 publications

The Ki-67 protein: From the known and the unknown

The Ki-67 protein: From the known and the unknown

AnMCM2-related gene is expressed in proliferating cells of intact and regenerating planarians

Myc and the Replicative CMG Helicase: The Creation and Destruction of Cancer

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