Reversible Data-Hiding Systems with Modified Fluctuation Functions and Reed-Solomon Codes for Encrypted Image Recovery

Abstract

Abstract:In this paper, reversible data-hiding (RDH) systems with modified fluctuation functions and rate-matched Reed-Solomon (RS) codes are proposed to enhance the data recovery from encrypted images. The modified fluctuation functions are used for estimating embedded codeword bits from the correlation of pixels. Instead of direct data-bit embedding, codeword bits of RS codes are embedded by a data-hider. With the help of the error-correcting capability of RS codes, the encrypted message can be recovered from the weak correlation of adjacent pixels in the image. In the experimental results, bit error rate (BER) and peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) performances of the proposed system are better than those of referenced data-hiding systems for three images. The proposed schemes based on the modified fluctuation function or rate-matched codes can be applied to various RDH systems with better data transmission and image recovery performance.

Hybrid Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted Satellite Images Using Fluctuation Modification Extraction and Reed-Solomon Code Embedding

“…(2) in accordance with the primitive polynomial (2 ). Hence, binary bits can be defined from the (2 ) element by the 2 bijection function [30] as…”

“…where ( ) ∈ (2 ) for = 0, 1, … , − 1 and , ( ) ∈ (2 ) for = 0, 1, … , − 1. The mapping of can be applied to the codeword as follows [30]:…”

“…In hybrid RDHEI methods [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18], many errors occur in the extracted bits, especially when the embedding load is high. To obtain better performance on the hybrid RDHEI scheme, some researchers [29], [30] developed a data embedding scheme using Reed-Solomon (RS) codes. Embedding techniques using RS codes exploit the ability to correct burst errors (sequential incorrect bits received) so that the extraction of incorrect bits can be minimized.…”

“…Embedding techniques using RS codes exploit the ability to correct burst errors (sequential incorrect bits received) so that the extraction of incorrect bits can be minimized. In [29], [30], the RS code is generated and gives a low extracted-bit error rate (EER) value. However, the optimal RS code was not determined, namely, the RS code that has a low EER, maximum PSNR, and coding gain ≥ 1.…”

Application of the Reed-Solomon Algorithm as a Remote Sensing Data Fusion Tool for Land Use Studies

“…They are also used in satellite communication [78]. The vital and robust method of RS codes are applied in cryptography, steganography and against the salt and pepper noise of medical images [79][80][81].…”