Reversible Chain Transfer Catalyzed Polymerization (RTCP) with Alcohol Catalysts

Simulation of reversible chain transfer catalyzed polymerization (RTCP): effect of different iodide based catalysts

“…In the former called pre-equilibrium reversible chain transfer (reactions i and j), iodine exchange occurs reversibly between PhE-I and A* (radical obtained from AI) and in the latter, reversible chain transfer, a radical transfer takes place by iodine transmission among the catalyst and macroradicals (reactions k and l). Finally, in reaction m the activator radical reacts with propagating macroradicals and causes a cross termination resulting in depletion of the catalyst [1,[14][15][16][17][18][19]. The kinetic parameters of each reaction are demonstrated in Table 1.…”

“…Similar to iodide mediated polymerization based on degenerative chain transfer, RTCP systems include monomer, an alkyl iodide and a conventional radical initiator. However, in RTCP systems due to the low exchange frequency of degenerative chain transfer reactions, an iodide based catalyst (AI) such as tin (Sn) [1,13], germanium (Ge) [1,13,14], phosphorus (P) [1,14], nitrogen (N) [1,15], and oxygen (O) [16]-centered compounds is added. In the presence of AI catalyst (GeI 3 -I, etc.)…”

“…In the presence of AI catalyst (GeI 3 -I, etc.) another reversible reaction mechanism called the reversible chain transfer (RT) coexists which results in a low polydispersity by activating Polymer-I frequently [1,[14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. RT equilibriums are sensitive to the catalyst activity and concentration, therefore various polymer architectures could be attained by employing different catalysts at several concentrations [19].…”

Schiff base as a novel kind of catalyst for reversible complexation‐mediated radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate

“…In short, this process uses a reversible chain transfer of Polymer‐I with a radical catalyst (A•) to generate Polymer• and deactivator [Scheme (a)]. The catalysts of RTCP include germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), phosphorus (P), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), and carbon (C) centered radical that are formed in situ . RCMP resembles the mechanism of ATRP, which uses a halogen as X and combines with transition metal to induce the reversible activation process.…”

H‐Phosphonic Acid Derivatives as Catalysts for Reversible Chain Transfer Catalyzed Polymerization (RTCP) at Ambient and High Pressure

“…[2] An RTCP system consists of monomer, an alkyl iodide (source of X ¼ iodine and initiator of the living process), a conventional radical initiator (source of P ), and a non-transition-metal catalyst or its precursor. Currently used catalysts include tin (Sn), [2,3] germanium (Ge), [2,3] phosphorus (P), [2][3][4] nitrogen (N), [3][4][5][6] oxygen (O), [7,8] and carbon (C) [8] -centered compounds. Without a catalyst, the system corresponds to an iodine transfer polymerization (ITP), [9] which is based on a degenerative chain transfer (DT).…”