Reversed sexual dimorphism in tawny owls, Strix aluco, correlates with duty division in breeding effort

Abstract

Even though most bird species with a raptorial feeding habit express varying extents of reversed sexual dimorphism (RSD: females bigger than males), the evolutionary basis for its maintenance, as well as its possible secondary consequences for the ecological adaptations of the different sexes, is debated. We studied pairs of tawny owls, Strix aluco (females 20% heavier than males), throughout the year by telemetry to test whether any inter‐sexual differences in movement patterns, resource partitioning and breeding effort correlated with RSD. Females were larger than males in all body size measures and were 16% heavier than would be expected from the difference in wing length alone. In accordance with predictions from flight economics, males moved longer distances per time unit than females, in particular during the post‐fledging season, when they also fed chicks more often than the females. Males had larger home ranges than females during the post‐fledging period, whereas the sexes had home ranges of equal size during the non‐breeding season. Until 10 days after fledging, females foraged much closer to the offspring than males, apparently balancing their distance to offspring between the needs of offspring guarding and foraging. In males, the parent–offspring distance only increased with decreasing brood condition. The sexes did not differ in habitat use or feeding habits, rendering no indications of food niche partitioning. The study provides further evidence that selection for males to be light and energetically efficient foragers is the main evolutionary force behind RSD in raptorial birds, even when the prey base is confined by territoriality.

Winter habitat use of New Zealand falcon (Falco novaeseelandiae ferox) in an intensively managed pine plantation, central North Island, New Zealand

“…data). The size dimorphism shown by falcons at Kaingaroa was much greater than that of other raptor species including the species listed above (females 1.2-1.5 times heavier than males; Temeles 1986;Sunde et al 2003). Female falcons are capable of hunting larger prey such as pheasant (Phasianus colchicus; Kross et al 2013), spur-winged plover (Vanellus miles, CH unpubl.…”

“…Thus, males can forage in denser tree vegetation than females, resulting in food niche segregation (e.g. European sparrowhawks, Marquiss & Newton 1982; northern spotted owl Strix occidentalis caurina, Solis & Guttierrez 1990; and tawny owl Strix aluco, Sunde et al 2003). In our study, females were 1.9 times heavier than males (male, mean ± SD = 243 ± 20.3 g, n = 19; female, mean ± SD = 463 ± 30.1 g, n = 31; CH unpubl.…”

Forest Structure Within Barred Owl (Strix varia) Home Ranges in the Eastern Cascade Range, Washington

“…Sexual size dimorphism has been related to territorial defense, nest site defense, the size and defense of clutch and brood, and size-related access to prey of different sizes and densities (for examples see, Lundberg 1986, Mueller 1986, for owls in general, Hakkarainen andKorpimäki 1991, Korpimäki 1986 for Boreal Owls Aegolius funereus, and Sunde et al (2003) for European Tawny Owls Strix aluco).…”

Factors Affecting Timing of Breeding in the Tawny Owl

“…Birds were sexed on the basis of their size, wing length, body mass and the prominent incubation patch of the females [9,20,31]. I determined the age of birds by the plumage patterns [32].…”