Reverse Zoonosis of COVID-19: Lessons From the 2009 Influenza Pandemic

Ayudhya, Syriam Sooksawasdi Na; Kuiken, Thijs

doi:10.1177/0300985820979843

Cited by 27 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 66 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…There is an urgent need to develop frameworks to assess the risk of SARS-CoV-2 becoming established in wild mammal populations and onward transmission to humans [6,102]. From a One Health perspective, the dynamics that need to be considered in such assessments relate to infection in the human population, in domestic animals and wildlife, and the associated probabilities of transmission to wildlife from a human or domestic animal source, the likelihood of persistence in the wildlife population and potential for transmission back to humans or domestic animals (Fig.…”

Section: Dynamic Risk Assessment and Surveillancementioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the risks of SARS-CoV-2 in wildlife

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 likely emerged from a wildlife source with transmission to humans followed by rapid geographic spread throughout the globe and severe impacts on both human health and the global economy. Since the onset of the pandemic, there have been many instances of human-to-animal transmission involving companion, farmed and zoo animals, and limited evidence for spread into free-living wildlife. The establishment of reservoirs of infection in wild animals would create significant challenges to infection control in humans and could pose a threat to the welfare and conservation status of wildlife. We discuss the potential for exposure, onward transmission and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in an initial selection of wild mammals (bats, canids, felids, mustelids, great apes, rodents and cervids). Dynamic risk assessment and targeted surveillance are important tools for the early detection of infection in wildlife, and here we describe a framework for collating and synthesising emerging information to inform targeted surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 in wildlife. Surveillance efforts should be integrated with information from public and veterinary health initiatives to provide insights into the potential role of wild mammals in the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2.

show abstract

Section: Dynamic Risk Assessment and Surveillancementioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the risks of SARS-CoV-2 in wildlife

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The H1N1pdm09 virus has affected not only the human population but also the animal populations. Evidence of virus infection has been found in diverse mammalian species, including American badger, Bornean binturong, Northern elephant seal, black-footed ferret, pet ferret, cheetah, cat, camel, elephant, guinea pig, dog, giant panda, pig, tiger, turkey, and skunk [ 2 , 3 ]. Virus spillover from humans to susceptible animal species may result in an alternative virus reservoir [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Evidence of virus infection has been found in diverse mammalian species, including American badger, Bornean binturong, Northern elephant seal, black-footed ferret, pet ferret, cheetah, cat, camel, elephant, guinea pig, dog, giant panda, pig, tiger, turkey, and skunk [ 2 , 3 ]. Virus spillover from humans to susceptible animal species may result in an alternative virus reservoir [ 3 ]. Moreover, host switching may contribute to viral genetic changes (evolution, mutation, and gene reassortment) that lead to the emergence of a new virus [ 3 , 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Virus spillover from humans to susceptible animal species may result in an alternative virus reservoir [ 3 ]. Moreover, host switching may contribute to viral genetic changes (evolution, mutation, and gene reassortment) that lead to the emergence of a new virus [ 3 , 4 ]. Hence, the identification of susceptible animals and transmission within the animal populations is important for the assessment of zoonotic potential.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Serologic evidence of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus infection in camel and Eld's deer, Thailand

Chaiwattanarungruengpaisan

Ketchim

Surarith

et al. 2021

Vet World

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background and Aim: The pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza (H1N1pdm09) virus has affected both human and animal populations worldwide. The transmission of the H1N1pdm09 virus from humans to animals is increasingly more evident. Captive animals, particularly zoo animals, are at risk of H1N1pdm09 virus infection through close contact with humans. Evidence of exposure to the H1N1pdm09 virus has been reported in several species of animals in captivity. However, there is limited information on the H1N1pdm09 virus infection and circulation in captive animals. To extend the body of knowledge on exposure to the H1N1pdm09 virus among captive animals in Thailand, our study investigated the presence of antibodies against the H1N1pdm09 virus in two captive animals: Camelids and Eld's deer. Materials and Methods: We investigated H1N1pdm09 virus infection among four domestic camelid species and wild Eld's deer that were kept in different zoos in Thailand. In total, 72 archival serum samples from camelid species and Eld's deer collected between 2013 and 2014 in seven provinces in Thailand were analyzed for influenza antibodies using hemagglutination inhibition (HI), microneutralization, and western blotting (WB) assays. Results: The presence of antibodies against the H1N1pdm09 virus was detected in 2.4% (1/42) of dromedary camel serum samples and 15.4% (2/13) of Eld's deer serum samples. No antibodies were detected in the rest of the serum samples derived from other investigated camelids, including Bactrian camels (0/3), alpacas (0/5), and llamas (0/9). The three positive serum samples showed HI antibody titers of 80, whereas the neutralization titers were in the range of 320-640. Antibodies specific to HA and NP proteins in the H1N1pdm09 virus were detected in positive camel serum samples using WB. Conversely, the presence of the specific antibodies in the positive Eld's deer serum samples could not be determined using WB due to the lack of commercially labeled secondary antibodies. Conclusion: The present study provided evidence of H1N1pdm09 virus infection in the captive dromedary camel and Eld's deer in Thailand. Our findings highlight the need for continuous surveillance for influenza A virus in the population of dromedary camels and Eld's deer. The susceptible animal populations in close contact with humans should be closely monitored. Further study is warranted to determine whether Eld's deer are indeed a competent reservoir for human influenza virus.

show abstract

“…Besides efficiently infecting humans, SARS-CoV-2 has been detected in a wide range of animals, including farmed mink across Europe and the USA [5–7], domestic animals including cats and dogs [8–10], and several zoo felids [11]. Alarmingly, infections in all these species could be traced back to SARS-CoV-2 infected humans, indicating a risk for reverse zoonotic events and possible SARS-CoV-2 animal reservoirs [7,12]. Furthermore, infection experiments show that many more animal species, including non-human primates [13,14], ferrets [15,16], rabbits [17], hamsters [18,19], and human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) transgenic mice [20] are permissive to the virus, while other animals including pigs and chickens are not [21,22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of a multi-species SARS-CoV-2 surrogate virus neutralization test

Embregts

Verstrepen

Langermans

et al. 2021

Preprint

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Assays to measure SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibodies are important to monitor seroprevalence, to study asymptomatic infections and to reveal (intermediate) hosts. A recently developed assay, the surrogate virus-neutralization test (sVNT) is a quick and commercially available alternative to the 'gold standard' virus neutralization assay using authentic virus, and does not require processing at BSL-3 level. The assay relies on the inhibition of binding of the receptor binding domain (RBD) on the spike (S) protein to human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) by antibodies present in sera. As the sVNT does not require species- or isotype-specific conjugates, it can be similarly used for antibody detection in human and animal sera. In this study, we used 298 sera from PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients and 151 sera from patients confirmed with other coronavirus or other (respiratory) infections, to evaluate the performance of the sVNT. To analyze the use of the assay in a One Health setting, we studied the presence of RBD-binding antibodies in 154 sera from nine animal species (cynomolgus and rhesus macaques, ferrets, rabbits, hamsters, cats, cattle, mink and dromedary camels). The sVNT showed a moderate to high sensitivity and a high specificity using sera from confirmed COVID-19 patients (91.3% and 100%, respectively) and animal sera (93.9% and 100%), however it lacked sensitivity to detect low titers. Significant correlations were found between the sVNT outcomes and PRNT50 and the Wantai total Ig and IgM ELISAs. While species-specific validation will be essential, our results show that the sVNT holds promise in detecting RBD-binding antibodies in multiple species.

show abstract

Reverse Zoonosis of COVID-19: Lessons From the 2009 Influenza Pandemic

Cited by 27 publications

References 66 publications

Assessing the risks of SARS-CoV-2 in wildlife

Assessing the risks of SARS-CoV-2 in wildlife

Serologic evidence of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus infection in camel and Eld's deer, Thailand

Evaluation of a multi-species SARS-CoV-2 surrogate virus neutralization test

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About