Reverse proton exchange for buried waveguides in LiNbO_3

Korkishko, Yu. N.; Fedorov, V. A.; Morozova, T. M.; Caccavale, F.; Gonella, Francesco; Segato, F.

doi:10.1364/josaa.15.001838

Cited by 83 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 15 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…This asymmetry inhibits low-loss coupling to optical fibers and can be reduced by immersing the annealed proton exchanged (APE) waveguides in a eutectic melt of a mixture of nitrates (LiNO 3 : KNO 3 :NaNO 3 ) that is maintained at a temperature in the range between 250 and 330 ºC [294,295]. This initiates an exchange between existing protons at the surface of the waveguide and lithium ions in the melt, a process that is termed reverse proton-exchange (RPE).…”

Section: Proton Exchangementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, they usually exhibit relatively high propagation losses However, the annealing process brings with it some unwanted side effects, such as a decrease in the peak refractive index ∆n e of the waveguides, and an asymmetrization of their index profile, which exhibits a maximum value at the surface and decreases monotonically with increasing depth [293]. This asymmetry inhibits low-loss coupling to optical fibers and can be reduced by immersing the annealed proton exchanged (APE) waveguides in a eutectic melt of a mixture of nitrates (LiNO 3 : KNO 3 :NaNO 3 ) that is maintained at a temperature in the range between 250 and 330 ºC [294,295]. This initiates an exchange between existing protons at the surface of the waveguide and lithium ions in the melt, a process that is termed reverse proton-exchange (RPE).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Optically pumped planar waveguide lasers, Part I: Fundamentals and fabrication techniques

Grivas

2011

Progress in Quantum Electronics

193

102

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract:The tremendous interest in the field of waveguide lasers in the past two decades is largely attributed to the geometry of the gain medium, which provides the possibility to store optical energy on a very small dimension in the form of an optical mode. This allows for realization of sources with enhanced optical gain, low lasing threshold, and small footprint and opens up exciting possibilities in the area of integrated optics by facilitating their on-chip integration with different functionalities and highly compact photonic circuits. Moreover, this geometrical concept is compatible with high power diode pumping schemes as it provides exceptional thermal management, minimizing the impact of thermal loading on laser performance. The proliferation of techniques for fabrication and processing capable of producing high optical quality waveguides has greatly contributed to the growth of waveguide lasers from a topic of fundamental research to an area that encompasses a variety of practical applications. In this first part of the review on optically pumped waveguide lasers the properties that distinguish these sources from other classes of lasers will be discussed. Furthermore, the current state-of-the art in terms of fabrication tools used for producing waveguide lasers is reviewed from the aspects of the processes and the materials involved. 2 1.IntroductionOver the last two decades the field of solid-state planar waveguide lasers has experienced a steady growth, progressing from a laboratory curiosity to an area that demonstrates a broad spectrum of applications, from multiwavelength laser channel arrays for telecommunications to diode-pumped planar structures with multiwatt output powers for sensing and ranging applications. Waveguide lasers are by no means a new field and the first report on such a source dates back in 1961, when laser operation of a waveguide based on an active glass core rod embedded in a low refractive index cladding was demonstrated [1]. However research efforts in the years that followed this report focused primarily on the development of optically pumped laser sources based on high optical quality bulk dielectric laser media in the form of rods and slabs. The merits of the waveguide geometry and the associated optical confinement have been first highlighted in single mode glass optical fibers. Fibers have proven an enabling technology for realization of highly efficient amplifier and laser sources owing to their unrivalled low loss performance and ability to maintain a small spot size and hence high intensities over lengths that are orders of magnitude longer than would normally be allowed by diffraction, [2,3]. Er-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) in particular have directly contributed to the enormous expansion of the optical communications networks that underpin today's internet infrastructure by allowing for signal regeneration and optical data transmission over long distances. The excellent performance of fiber lasers and amplifiers provided motivation and triggered a major techn...

show abstract

Section: Proton Exchangementioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Optically pumped planar waveguide lasers, Part I: Fundamentals and fabrication techniques

Grivas

2011

Progress in Quantum Electronics

193

102

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…RPE procedure has been reported to lead to low losses buried and symmetric LiNbO 3 channel waveguides able to confine the two principal (orthogonal) polarizations [7][8][9][10]. These facts make RPE LiNbO 3 channel waveguides of major interest in the realization of rare earth doped lasing configurations as well as highly efficient one and two dimensional nonlinear devices due to the good matching of the interacting modes field profiles within the waveguide [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to produce optical waveguides that support both quasi-TM 0,0 and quasi-TE 0,0 propagating modes around 1 μm wavelength, a second step (RPE stage) was performed. In this stage, the sample was immersed in a mixture of Li/Na/K nitrides at 350ºC during 38.5 hours [7][8]. In this case, the usual m-lines spectroscopic characterization only can give direct information relative to the ordinary waveguide (TE propagating modes) close to the surface, for example through IWKB calculation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time resolved confocal luminescence investigations on Reverse Proton Exchange Nd:LiNbO_3 channel waveguides

Jaque¹,

Cantelar²,

Cussó³

et al. 2007

Opt. Express

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract:In this work we report on the time and spatial resolved fluorescence of Neodymium ions in LiNbO 3 channel waveguides fabricated by Reverse Proton Exchange. The analysis of the fluorescence decay curves obtained with a sub-micrometric resolution has evidenced the presence of a relevant fluorescence quenching inside the channel waveguide. From the comparison between diffusion simulations and the spatial dependence of the 4 F 3/2 fluorescence decay rate we have concluded that the observed fluorescence quenching can be unequivocally related to the presence of H + ions in the LiNbO 3 lattice. Nevertheless, it turns out that Reverse Proton Exchange guarantees a fluorescence quenching level significantly lower than in similar configurations based on Proton Exchange waveguides. This fluorescence quenching has been found to be accompanied by a relevant red-shift of the 4 F 3/2 → 4 I 9/2 fluorescence band.

show abstract

“…However, in this case an asymmetric index profile is formed [38]. A buried waveguide with symmetric index profiles can be formed by annealing and rediffusion of lithium ions into the surface layer in a process called reverse proton exchange [38,39]. With these kind of buried waveguides up to 99% pump depletion was achieved with SHG [40].…”

Section: Waveguides and Waveguide Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blue‐green light generation using high brilliance edge emitting diode lasers

Jechow¹,

Menzel

Paschke

et al. 2010

Laser & Photonics Reviews

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A review about second harmonic generation using edge emitting diode lasers and nonlinear crystals to obtain laser radiation in the blue-green spectral range is presented. Therefore, pump laser radiation with high brightness and narrow bandwidth is necessary. Thus, this review gives an overview of the advances made with distributed feedback and Bragg reflector lasers, tapered lasers and amplifiers as well as external cavity diode lasers and master oscillator power amplifier schemes to achieve high brilliance emission. Since periodically poled materials have enabled high second harmonic conversion efficiencies with low and moderate pump powers, the review is focused on frequency doubling using those materials. The most commonly used materials, their properties and limitations are discussed briefly. Single pass and resonant SHG setups with waveguide and bulk nonlinear crystals are discussed and an emphasis on building compact and integrated devices is made. PPLN waveguide crystal pumped by a DFB laser (above). Integrated SHG device on a CCP heatsink (below).

show abstract

Reverse proton exchange for buried waveguides in LiNbO_3

Cited by 83 publications

References 15 publications

Optically pumped planar waveguide lasers, Part I: Fundamentals and fabrication techniques

Optically pumped planar waveguide lasers, Part I: Fundamentals and fabrication techniques

Time resolved confocal luminescence investigations on Reverse Proton Exchange Nd:LiNbO_3 channel waveguides

Blue‐green light generation using high brilliance edge emitting diode lasers

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About