Reverse Micellar Dyeing of Cotton Fabric with Reactive Dye Using Biodegradable Non-Ionic Surfactant as Nanoscale Carrier: An Optimisation Study by One-Factor-at-One-Time Approach

Abstract

This study investigates the feasibility of using biodegradable secondary alcohol ethoxylate (SAE) non-ionic surfactant as a building block for the formation of reverse micelles, functioning as reactive dye carriers for the dyeing of cotton fabric in non-aqueous octane medium. Ten dyeing parameters were optimised, by a one-factor-at-a-time approach, namely: (i) effect of colour fixation agent; (ii) surfactant-to-water mole ratio; (iii) surfactant-to-co-surfactant mole ratio; (iv) volume of soda ash; (v) volume of dye; (vi) solvent-to-cotton ratio; (vii) dyeing temperature; (viii) dyeing time; (ix) fixation time; (x) soda-ash-to-cotton ratio. The colour properties, fastness properties and physical properties of SAE-dyed samples were experimentally compared with the conventional water-dyed samples. The optimised condition was found when SAE samples were dyed as follows: (a) 1:20 surfactant-to-water ratio; (b) 1:8 surfactant-to-co-surfactant ratio; (c) 10:1 solvent ratio; (d) 40 min dyeing time; (e) 60 min fixation time; and (f) 70 °C dyeing and fixation temperature. The results showed that SAE-dyed samples have better colour strength, lower reflectance percentage and comparable levelness, fastness and physical properties than that of water-dyed samples. SEM images revealed that the dyed cotton fibres had no severe surface damage caused by an SAE-based reverse micellar dyeing system. The TEM image depicts that the reverse micelle was of nanoscale, spherical-shaped and had a core–shell structure, validating the presence of reverse micelle as a reactive dye carrier and the potential of an SAE-based reverse micellar system for dyeing of cotton fabrics.

Natural dyes developed by microbial-nanosilver to produce antimicrobial and anticancer textiles

“…With another fabric, the K/S of dyed polyamide by nanocomposites of M1/AgNPs, M2/AgNPs, M3/AgNPs, M5/AgNPs and M6/AgNPs was decreased, while the K/S and L* of dyed polyamide by nanocomposites of M4/AgNPs, M7/AgNPs and M8/AgNPs didn’t change. The K/S refers to the color strength, so when the value of K/S increased indicates that the color is strong on the dyed samples [ 57 ]. On another side, the L* value, indicate perceived lightness or darkness, where 0 indicates black while 100 indicates white, so when the L* value decreased, this means that the color was dark but when the L* value increased this means that the color was light.…”

Isolation, Screening, Characterization, and Optimization of Biosurfactant-Producing Bacteria for Removal of Micropollutants from Textile Effluents

“…The textile industry is one of the largest water consumers and wastewater producers among different industries. 1 Concerns toward environmental protection have recently taken a lead role in international affairs. In general, during dyeing processes, dyes used for desizing, scouring, dyeing, printing, and finishing remain unreacted.…”

“…The textile industry is one of the largest water consumers and wastewater producers among different industries . Concerns toward environmental protection have recently taken a lead role in international affairs.…”

“…However, these methods typically require extra chemicals, which can occasionally result in secondary pollution and a large amount of sludge. 9 Biological processes that are used in textile wastewater treatment are of different types: (1) fungal, (2) bacterial, (3) aerobic and anaerobic, (4) algae, (5) enzymatic, and (6) biosorption for decolorizing textile dyes. 10 Biological treatments are less expensive, produce less biological sludge, are environmentally friendly, and use minimum space than other techniques, but sometimes the effectiveness of the decolorization is typically limited by dye toxicity, which also inhibits bacterial development.…”