Reversal of Flagellar Rotation Is Important in Initial Attachment of
            <i>Escherichia coli</i>
            to Glass in a Dynamic System with High- and Low-Ionic-Strength Buffers

McClaine, Jennifer W.; Ford, Roseanne M.

doi:10.1128/aem.68.3.1280-1289.2002

Cited by 77 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…At this point, we can only speculate as to the role (if any) of changing flagellar reversal rates in these two surface behaviors. It has been suggested that in E. coli the modulation of flagellar reversals is indeed important in surface attachment (30), although the precise role of reversals is not yet understood. In an examination of motility in semisolid agar, Wolfe and Berg found a general trend that a greater reversal frequency correlated with an overall greater swarm rate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SadC Reciprocally Influences Biofilm Formation and Swarming Motility via Modulation of Exopolysaccharide Production and Flagellar Function

2007

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa has served as an important organism in the study of biofilm formation; however, we still lack an understanding of the mechanisms by which this microbe transitions to a surface lifestyle. A recent study of the early stages of biofilm formation implicated the control of flagellar reversals and production of an exopolysaccharide (EPS) as factors in the establishment of a stable association with the substratum and swarming motility. Here we present evidence that SadC (PA4332), an inner membrane-localized diguanylate cyclase, plays a role in controlling these cellular functions. Deletion of the sadC gene results in a strain that is defective in biofilm formation and a hyperswarmer, while multicopy expression of this gene promotes sessility. A ⌬sadC mutant was additionally found to be deficient in EPS production and display altered reversal behavior while swimming in high-viscosity medium, two behaviors proposed to influence biofilm formation and swarming motility. Epistasis analysis suggests that the sadC gene is part of a genetic pathway that allows for the concomitant regulation of these aspects of P. aeruginosa surface behavior. We propose that SadC and the phosphodiesterase BifA (S. L. Kuchma et al., J. Bacteriol. 189:8165-8178, 2007), via modulating levels of the signaling molecule cyclic-di-GMP, coregulate swarming motility and biofilm formation as P. aeruginosa transitions from a planktonic to a surface-associated lifestyle.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SadC Reciprocally Influences Biofilm Formation and Swarming Motility via Modulation of Exopolysaccharide Production and Flagellar Function

2007

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“…Motility may also play a role in biofilm expansion (32). The direction of flagellum rotation can affect attachment and detachment of E. coli cells (19). It has been hypothesized that counterclockwise rotation may play an important role in cell detachment and that a clockwise rotation may play a role in anchoring cells to a surface.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Surface Adhesion inCaulobacter crescentus

2004

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Caulobacter crescentus has a dimorphic life cycle composed of a motile stage and a sessile stage. In the sessile stage, C. crescentus is often found tightly attached to a surface through its adhesive holdfast. In this study, we examined the contribution of growth and external structures to the attachment of C. crescentus to abiotic surfaces. We show that the holdfast is essential but not sufficient for optimal attachment. Rather, adhesion in C. crescentus is a complex developmental process. We found that the attachment of C. crescentus to surfaces is cell cycle regulated and that growth or energy or both are essential for this process. The initial stage of attachment occurs in swarmer cells and is facilitated by flagellar motility and pili. Our results suggest that strong attachment is mediated by the synthesis of a holdfast as the swarmer cell differentiates into a stalked cell.Aquatic bacteria can live in both planktonic and sessile states. In the planktonic state, a bacterium is free to move throughout the environment to find nutrients. However, in nature, bacteria are predominantly found in the sessile state attached to surfaces where they form communities called biofilms (14,25). Biofilms are defined as matrix-enclosed bacterial populations adherent to each other and/or to surfaces or interfaces (7). Bacteria in a biofilm are more resistant to antibiotics and are able to form symbiotic relationships with other members of the biofilm community (4,6,22,46).The transition from a planktonic state to a sessile state is a developmental process involving different environmental cues and the coordination of various molecular pathways and extracellular structures (9, 25, 33). There are three stages of biofilm formation, early attachment, maturation, and detachment. Initially, bacteria are found swimming close to a surface until they are able to overcome surface tension and bind, forming a monolayer biofilm. This monolayer biofilm eventually becomes tightly packed with additional cells, and microcolonies begin to form. During the maturation stage, a three-dimensional structure emerges that is made up of a matrix of exopolysaccharide and cells. The last stage is that of detachment, where planktonic cells are released from the biofilm (25,43).Limited studies on a small number of ␥-proteobacteria have been conducted to determine the genetic pathways and structures that play a role in biofilm development. Three structures show interspecies importance: pili, flagella, and exopolysaccharides. Flagella and type IV pili facilitate early attachment events in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (26) and Vibrio cholerae El Tor (44). Exopolysaccharides play a role in the initial stages of biofilm development in V. cholerae El Tor (44) as well as V. cholerae O139 (45), and contribute to biofilm maturation in Escherichia coli (8). Although there are overlaps in the requirements for adhesion to surfaces, some requirements are not common to all bacteria. For example, unlike the bacteria discussed above, V. cholerae O139 does not require type IV ...

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“…A Pseudomonas strain was observed by Fletcher to attach to hydrophilic surfaces via flagella, while assuming random orientations on hydrophobic surfaces (20). McClaine and Ford have found that flagellar rotation increases attachment rates of Escherichia coli bacteria to glass (30,31), although it could not be ascertained whether the bacteria were adhering by their cell bodies or by their flagella. Other researchers have observed polar (ori-ented) adhesion due to specific mechanisms (5), such as adhesin-mediated adherence to fibronectin (10), lectin-mediated adherence to Sepharose beads covalently derivatized with lactose (26), or pilus adherence to tracheal cells (54).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Oriented Adhesion of Escherichia coli to Polystyrene Particles

Jones

Feick

Imoudu

et al. 2003

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The adhesion of nonflagellated Escherichia coli strain K-12 to polystyrene (PS) latex spheres or glass capillaries has been observed by using several techniques. Attention was focused on the orientation of the rod-shaped bacteria as they adhered to the surfaces in 100 mM phosphate-buffered saline. Data show that PS particles adhered to the ends of the bacteria more than 90% of the time. Moreover, the PS particles adhered to one end only, never to both. Similarly, for experiments with bacteria adhering to glass, the bacteria adhered on their ends. In order to determine whether the end of a bacterium had a different charge density from that of the middle, rotational electrophoresis experiments were used. These experiments indicated no measurable charge nonuniformity. In order to examine how strongly adhered the bacteria were to the PS particles, differential electrophoresis was used. Almost always, bacteria were found to be irreversibly adhered to the PS spheres. The cause of the oriented adhesion is not likely due to surface lipopolysaccharides (LPS), since the three strains of K-12 that were used, each having a different length of LPS, showed similar behavior. The results are discussed in terms of bacterial cell polarity. The data indicate that nanodomains on the bacterial ends are important for adhesion and that the time scale for irreversible adhesion is short.

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Reversal of Flagellar Rotation Is Important in Initial Attachment of Escherichia coli to Glass in a Dynamic System with High- and Low-Ionic-Strength Buffers

Cited by 77 publications

References 39 publications

SadC Reciprocally Influences Biofilm Formation and Swarming Motility via Modulation of Exopolysaccharide Production and Flagellar Function

SadC Reciprocally Influences Biofilm Formation and Swarming Motility via Modulation of Exopolysaccharide Production and Flagellar Function

Development of Surface Adhesion inCaulobacter crescentus

Oriented Adhesion of Escherichia coli to Polystyrene Particles

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