Reversal of Ethephon-Induced Feminization in Male Plants of Cannabis sativa by Ethylene Antagonists

Ram, H. Y. Mohan; Sett, Rina

doi:10.1016/s0044-328x(11)80012-7

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Sex in hemp is genetically determined by a pair of heteromorphic sex chromosomes; females have an XX chromosome pair whereas males have XY. However, environmental conditions (e. g., photoperiod and temperature) and phytohormones can affect sexual phenotype [15,[76][77][78][79], suggesting other overriding regulatory mechanisms are involved in determining sex in hemp. Monoecious cultivars possess XX sex chromosomes [80], but they produce flower clusters with male flowers at the bottom and females towards the top of each inflorescence [14].…”

Section: Hemp Sex Expressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges towards Revitalizing Hemp: A Multifaceted Crop

Schluttenhofer

Yuan

2017

Trends in Plant Science

242

166

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Hemp has been an important crop throughout human history for food, fiber, and medicine. Despite significant progress made by the international research community, the basic biology of hemp plants remains insufficiently understood. Clear objectives are needed to guide future research. As a semi-domesticated plant, hemp has many desirable traits that require improvement, including eliminating seed shattering, enhancing the quantity and quality of stem fiber, and increasing the accumulation of phytocannabinoids. Methods to manipulate the sex of hemp plants will also be important for optimizing yields of seed, fiber, and cannabinoids. Currently, research into trait improvement is hindered by the lack of molecular techniques adapted to hemp. Here we review how addressing these limitations will help advance our knowledge of plant biology and enable us to fully domesticate and maximize the agronomic potential of this promising crop.

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Section: Hemp Sex Expressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges towards Revitalizing Hemp: A Multifaceted Crop

Schluttenhofer

Yuan

2017

Trends in Plant Science

242

166

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“…Examples range from populations where male, female, and hermaphroditic plants are all common, such as in domesticated Carica papaya L. (Wang et al ., 2012), to Populus , where monoecy is relatively rare (Stettler, 1971; Rowland et al ., 2002). In other species, such as Cannabis sativa L., monoecy can be induced by manipulating phytohormones, as can feminization of males and masculinization of females (Mohan Ram & Sett, 1982; Lubell & Brand, 2018). These monoecious and hermaphroditic genotypes within otherwise dioecious species constitute a powerful tool in understanding the regulation and evolution of sex determination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural variation of a sex‐linked region confers monoecy and implicates GATA15 as a master regulator of sex in Salix purpurea

et al. 2023

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The Salicaceae, including Populus and Salix, are dioecious perennials that utilize different sex determination systems. This family provides a useful system to better understand the evolution of dioecy and sex chromosomes.Here, a rare monoecious genotype of Salix purpurea, 94003, was self-and cross-pollinated and progeny sex ratios were used to test hypotheses on possible mechanisms of sex determination. To delimit genomic regions associated with monoecious expression, the 94003 genome sequence was assembled and DNA-and RNA-Seq of progeny inflorescences was performed.Based on alignments of progeny shotgun DNA sequences to the haplotype-resolved monoecious 94003 genome assembly and reference male and female genomes, a 1.15 Mb sexlinked region on Chr15W was confirmed to be absent in monecious plants. Inheritance of this structural variation is responsible for the loss of a male-suppressing function in what would otherwise be genetic females (ZW), resulting in monoecy (ZW H or WW H ), or lethality, if homozygous (W H W H ).We present a refined, two-gene sex determination model for Salix purpurea, mediated by ARR17 and GATA15 that is different from the single-gene ARR17-mediated system in the related genus Populus.

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“…Cytokinin production in roots was shown to be essential for female sex determination in hemp plants generated from shoot cuttings of young plants (Chailakhyan and Khryanin 1978). Ethylene was shown to promote female flower development in industrial hemp (Galoch 1978; Mohan Ram and Sett 1982b; Mohan Ram and Sett 1982a; Moon 2020). Exogenous GA application induced male flower formation on female cannabis plants, which was inhibited by ABA (Ram and Jaiswal 1972).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of hormonal regulation of promoter activities ofCannabis sativaprenyltransferase 1 and 4 and salicylic acid mediated regulation of cannabinoid biosynthesis

Sands

Haiden

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Cannabis sativa prenyltransferase 4 (CsPT4) and prenyltransferase 1 (CsPT1) have been shown to catalyze the step in the cannabinoid biosynthetic pathway that generates cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), the substrate for the end-point enzymes that generate cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) and tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA). Prior studies from our lab suggest that CBGA production rate-limits the pathway. There is a lack of understanding concerning how important cannabinoid biosynthetic genes are regulated as cannabinoid synthesis increases during female flower development. Both CsPT genes were shown to be highly expressed in flowers. The genes were also found to be present in leaves and roots. GUS staining also detected the promoter activities in leaves of seedlings, and the promoter activities were drastically stronger in the section of the sugar leaves where glandular trichomes are formed. In silico analysis of the two CsPT genes revealed several hormone and transcription factor responsive elements. Dual luciferase assays were conducted to determine whether a hormone could alter the promoter activities of CsPT1 and CsPT4. The results showed that CsPT4 pro was activated following treatment from salicylic acid (SA), gibberellic acid (GA), ethylene, ABA, and cytokinin, while the CsPT1 promoter was activated following SA, ethylene, ABA, and auxin treatment. In parallel studies, a correlation was observed between multiple cannabinoid biosynthetic pathway genes and SA application to the cannabis growing medium, along with a correlation between MeSA floral application and an increase in cannabinoid content. The results from all aspects of this study demonstrated an interaction between certain hormones and cannabinoid synthesis.

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Reversal of Ethephon-Induced Feminization in Male Plants of Cannabis sativa by Ethylene Antagonists

Cited by 12 publications

References 8 publications

Challenges towards Revitalizing Hemp: A Multifaceted Crop

Challenges towards Revitalizing Hemp: A Multifaceted Crop

Structural variation of a sex‐linked region confers monoecy and implicates GATA15 as a master regulator of sex in Salix purpurea

Analysis of hormonal regulation of promoter activities ofCannabis sativaprenyltransferase 1 and 4 and salicylic acid mediated regulation of cannabinoid biosynthesis

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