Revealing the basic properties of the visuospatial sketchpad: The use of complete spatial arrays

Barton, A. Keith; Matthews, Bill; Farmer, Eric; Belyavin, A.

doi:10.1016/0001-6918(95)98944-y

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…This involved making a formulaic sequence of movements around a matrix, similarly to the spatial tapping tasks. Allen , Baddeley, & Hitch, 2006 Color, shape, color-shape arrays Arithmetic Yes 2a Allen, et al, 2012 Color, color-shape arrays Arithmetic Yes Allen, Baddeley, & Hitch, 2014 Color, shape, color-shape sequences Arithmetic Yes Barrouillet, De Paepe, & Langerock, 2012 Spatial sequences Arithmetic Yes Barton, et al, 1995 Woodman, Vogel, & Luck, 2001 Color, orientation arrays Visual search Yes 2a, 2b, 3 Woodman & Luck, 2004 Spatial arrays Visual search Yes 2a, 2b, 2c, 3 Woodman, Luck, & Schall, 2007 Color arrays Visual search Yes 2a, 2b, 3 Zhang, et al, 2010 Color, color-shape arrays Tracking Yes 2a, 2b, 2c, 3 Zimmer, Speiser, & Seidler, 2003 Figure 1. Dual-task costs for arrays of two (left) or three (right) visual items in Experiments 1a, 1b, 2a, and 2b of Morey, et al, 2013.…”

Section: Scandinavian Journal Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

The case against specialized visual-spatial short-term memory.

Morey

2018

Psychological Bulletin

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The dominant paradigm for understanding working memory, or the combination of the perceptual, attentional, and mnemonic processes needed for thinking, subdivides short-term memory (STM) according to whether memoranda are encoded in aural-verbal or visual formats. This traditional dissociation has been supported by examples of neuropsychological patients who seem to selectively lack STM for either aural-verbal, visual, or spatial memoranda, and by experimental research using dual-task methods. Though this evidence is the foundation of assumptions of modular STM systems, the case it makes for a specialized visual STM system is surprisingly weak. I identify the key evidence supporting a distinct verbal STM system-patients with apparent selective damage to verbal STM and the resilience of verbal short-term memories to general dual-task interference-and apply these benchmarks to neuropsychological and experimental investigations of visual-spatial STM. Contrary to the evidence on verbal STM, patients with apparent visual or spatial STM deficits tend to experience a wide range of additional deficits, making it difficult to conclude that a distinct short-term store was damaged. Consistently with this, a meta-analysis of dual-task visual-spatial STM research shows that robust dual-task costs are consistently observed regardless of the domain or sensory code of the secondary task. Together, this evidence suggests that positing a specialized visual STM system is not necessary. (PsycINFO Database Record

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Section: Scandinavian Journal Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

The case against specialized visual-spatial short-term memory.

Morey

2018

Psychological Bulletin

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“…Spatial tapping typically involves participants repeatedly tapping out a simple sequence at a steady pace on a spatial array. It can be dissociated from impacts of AS and provides a straightforward and reliable method of examining the involvement of visuospatial working memory in various cognitive tasks (e.g., Barton, Mathews, Farmer, & Belyavin, 1995; Brown & Wesley, 2013; Darling, Della Sala, & Logie, 2009; Farmer, Berman, & Fletcher, 1986; Larsen & Baddeley, 2003; Pearson, Logie, & Gilhooly, 1999) while placing relatively minimal load on phonological processing or central executive control (e.g., Barton et al, 1995; Chincotta, Underwood, Abd Ghani, Papadopoulou, & Wresinski, 1999; Smyth & Pelky, 1992). The effects of spatial tapping may be even more specific, with studies (e.g., Darling et al, 2009; Della Sala, Gray, Baddeley, Allemano, & Wilson, 1999) suggesting that this task particularly loads on a spatial WM component, termed the inner scribe by Logie (1995, 2003), that may be separable from visual storage (termed the visual cache ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modality specificity and integration in working memory: Insights from visuospatial bootstrapping.

Allen¹,

Havelka²,

Falcon³

et al. 2015

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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The question of how meaningful associations between verbal and spatial information might be utilized to facilitate working memory performance is potentially highly instructive for models of memory function. The present study explored how separable processing capacities within specialized domains might each contribute to this, by examining the disruptive impacts of simple verbal and spatial concurrent tasks on young adults' recall of visually presented digit sequences encountered either in a single location or within a meaningful spatial "keypad" configuration. The previously observed advantage for recall in the latter condition (the "visuospatial bootstrapping effect") consistently emerged across 3 experiments, indicating use of familiar spatial information in boosting verbal memory. The magnitude of this effect interacted with concurrent activity; articulatory suppression during encoding disrupted recall to a greater extent when digits were presented in single locations (Experiment 1), while spatial tapping during encoding had a larger impact on the keypad condition and abolished the visuospatial bootstrapping advantage (Experiment 2). When spatial tapping was performed during recall (Experiment 3), no task by display interaction was observed. Outcomes are discussed within the context of the multicomponent model of working memory, with a particular emphasis on cross-domain storage in the episodic buffer (Baddeley, 2000).

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“…Within each list, the digits, letters, and words were presented sequentially for 1 s each. The spatial location task was modeled after that of Barton, Matthews, Farmer, and Belyavin (1995). In this task, squares appeared sequentially, for 2 s each, within a 6 × 6 grid.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Grapheme–color synesthesia can enhance immediate memory without disrupting the encoding of relational cues

et al. 2012

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Previous evidence has suggested that graphemecolor synesthesia can enhance memory for words, but little is known about how these photisms cue retrieval. Often, the encoding of specific features of individual words can disrupt the encoding of ordered relations between words, resulting in an overall decrease in recall accuracy. Here we show that the photisms arising from grapheme-color synesthesia do not function like these item-specific cues. The influences of high and low word frequency on the encoding of ordered relations and the accuracy of immediate free recall were compared across a group of 10 synesthetes and 48 nonsynesthetes. The main findings of Experiment 1 showed that the experience of synesthesia had no adverse effect on the encoding of ordered relations (as measured by input-output correspondence); furthermore, it enhanced recall accuracy in a strictly additive fashion across the two word frequency conditions. Experiment 2 corroborated these findings by showing that the synesthetes only outperformed the nonsynesthetes when the materials involved words and letters, not when they involved digits and spatial locations. Altogether, the present findings suggest that synesthesia can boost immediate memory performance without disrupting the encoding of ordered relations.

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Revealing the basic properties of the visuospatial sketchpad: The use of complete spatial arrays

Cited by 9 publications

References 11 publications

The case against specialized visual-spatial short-term memory.

The case against specialized visual-spatial short-term memory.

Modality specificity and integration in working memory: Insights from visuospatial bootstrapping.

Grapheme–color synesthesia can enhance immediate memory without disrupting the encoding of relational cues

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