Revealing relationships between microstructure and hardening nature of additively manufactured 316L stainless steel

Cui, Luqing; Jiang, Shuang; Xu, Jinghao; Peng, Ru Lin; Mousavian, R. Taherzadeh; Moverare, Johan

doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2020.109385

Cited by 119 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…It should be noted that no sign of H-assisted cracks for grain boundary-twin boundary-slip line-mechanical twin interactions was found in another study [17] for SSs. During the tensile loading, a high density of dislocations formed by the high cooling rate of solidification [36] could be responsible for H trapping, and hence, they might have a negative effect on the average UTS*UE amount [37,38]. In addition, the cellular structure with a high density of dislocation around the cell wall's structure can absorb fewer hydrogen atoms, and thus, they might not be responsible for the H trapping [17,20].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Hydrogen on the Tensile Behavior of Austenitic Stainless Steels 316L Produced by Laser-Powder Bed Fusion

Khaleghifar¹,

Razeghi²,

Heidarzadeh

et al. 2021

Metals

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Hydrogen was doped in austenitic stainless steel (ASS) 316L tensile samples produced by the laser-powder bed fusion (L-PBF) technique. For this aim, an electrochemical method was conducted under a high current density of 100 mA/cm2 for three days to examine its sustainability under extreme hydrogen environments at ambient temperatures. The chemical composition of the starting powders contained a high amount of Ni, approximately 12.9 wt.%, as a strong austenite stabilizer. The tensile tests disclosed that hydrogen charging caused a minor reduction in the elongation to failure (approximately 3.5% on average) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS; approximately 2.1% on average) of the samples, using a low strain rate of 1.2 × 10−4 s−1. It was also found that an increase in the strain rate from 1.2 × 10−4 s−1 to 4.8 × 10−4 s−1 led to a reduction of approximately 3.6% on average for the elongation to failure and 1.7% on average for UTS in the pre-charged samples. No trace of martensite was detected in the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the fractured samples thanks to the high Ni content, which caused a minor reduction in UTS × uniform elongation (UE) (GPa%) after the H charging. Considerable surface tearing was observed for the pre-charged sample after the tensile deformation. Additionally, some cracks were observed to be independent of the melt pool boundaries, indicating that such boundaries cannot necessarily act as a suitable area for the crack propagation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Hydrogen on the Tensile Behavior of Austenitic Stainless Steels 316L Produced by Laser-Powder Bed Fusion

Khaleghifar¹,

Razeghi²,

Heidarzadeh

et al. 2021

Metals

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show abstract

“…However, the structure did not return its original microstructure after the process. The structure of the treated sample changed, which is related to the redistribution of atoms based on the thermodynamic law [ 33 ]. Figure 7 and Figure 8 show the SEM images of the welded metal with various SPE values in air and serum media, while Figure 9 shows the EDS images of the laser welding samples in the serum medium.…”

Section: Characterization Of the Microstructurementioning

confidence: 99%

Laser Welding of 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel in an Air and a Water Environment

et al. 2022

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Laser welding is an innovative method that is frequently used and required by different disciplines and represents a technique of choice in a wide range of applications due to important advantages such as precision, speed, and flexibility. However, the welding method must be used properly otherwise it may deteriorate the mechanical properties of the welded metal and its environment. Therefore, the laser parameters should be precisely determined and carefully applied to the sample. The primary objective of this study was to investigate and propose optimal welding parameters that should be adjusted during the neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd: YAG)-pulsed laser welding of austenitic stainless steel 316L in an air welding environment by using Argon shielding gas and in wet welding settings in serum medium. The investigation of the welding process in serum medium was conducted in order to propose the most suitable welding parameters being important for future possible medical applications of laser welding in in-vivo settings and thus to investigate the possibilities of the welding process inside the human body. In order to evaluate the quality of welding in air and of wet welding (in serum), a detailed parameter study has been conducted by variation of the laser energy, the welding speed and the focal position. The relationship between the depth of penetration and specific point energy (SPE) was also evaluated. The microstructure of the welded metal was examined by an optical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Based on the microscopy results, it was found that the largest depth of penetration (1380 µm) was achieved with 19 J laser energy in air medium, while the depth reached the largest value (1240 µm) in serum medium at 28 J laser energy. The increasing energy level showed opposite behavior for air and serum. The results of our study imply that when welding of 316L stainless steel is implemented properly in the body fluid, it would be a promising start for future in-vivo studies.

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“…However, work presented by Reijonen et al shows the preservation of these cells at a HIP temperature of 1150 • C and a pressure of 100 MPa for four hours [36]. At shorter durations at increased temperatures, these cellular structures have been shown to be unaffected by heat treatment at 700 • C whilst becoming thinner and diffuse at 800 • C, with full removal observed at 900 • C [37][38][39][40]. The microstructure of treatment conditions 1 -HIP (T 700 P 100 ), 4 -HIP (T 700 P 137 ) and 7 -HIP (T 700 P 200 ), which refer to the low temperature treatment, are effectively identical to the as-built microstructure with the same key features being identifiable in representative images of low temperature treatment in Fig.…”

Section: Density and Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Optimisation of Hot Isostatic Pressing Treatments for Enhanced Mechanical and Corrosion Performance of Stainless Steel 316l Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Grech¹,

Sullivan²,

Lancaster

et al. 2022

SSRN Journal

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Revealing relationships between microstructure and hardening nature of additively manufactured 316L stainless steel

Cited by 119 publications

References 71 publications

Effect of Hydrogen on the Tensile Behavior of Austenitic Stainless Steels 316L Produced by Laser-Powder Bed Fusion

Effect of Hydrogen on the Tensile Behavior of Austenitic Stainless Steels 316L Produced by Laser-Powder Bed Fusion

Laser Welding of 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel in an Air and a Water Environment

The Optimisation of Hot Isostatic Pressing Treatments for Enhanced Mechanical and Corrosion Performance of Stainless Steel 316l Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

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