Revealing lattice disorder, oxygen incorporation and pore formation in laser induced two-photon oxidized graphene

Abstract

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Laser processing of graphene and related materials for energy storage: State of the art and future prospects

“…This is a consequence of the reduced thermal diffusion and more efficient ablation process due to the incidence of laser energy in a restricted volume triggering photochemical processes (multiphoton absorption, direct photodissociation of atomic bonds, etc.) [186][187][188]. The presence of graphene wrinkles increases the ablation probability due to the concomitant reduction of electrical and thermal conductivities leading to increased energy accumulation [189].…”

Area‐Selective Atomic Layer Deposition on Functionalized Graphene Prepared by Reversible Laser Oxidation

“…[35] Further increase to the exposure causes higher lattice disorder (stage 2), [35] observed as a decrease of A D / A G with simultaneous broadening of the G band. [27,28,36] The creation of active sites to facilitate the nucleation is necessary to perform ALD on a graphene surface. It has been shown that laser-induced 2-PO breaks the sp 2 -bonds in graphene and forms sp 3 -type defects with out-of-plane covalent functional groups.…”

“…[24] Previously, our group has demonstrated a femtosecond laser irradiation technique based on a two-photon oxidation (2-PO) process, wherein oxygen containing groups are incorporated into the graphene lattice through exposure to femtosecond laser pulses under ambient atmosphere. [25][26][27] This leads to the formation of hydroxyl and epoxy groups on the graphene surface under moderate laser exposures and carboxyl groups at near-to-ablation exposure levels. [28] This technique allows for tuning the oxidation level of the graphene [28] and for the possibility of preparing arbitrary patterns with high spatial resolution (300 nm).…”

Tailoring surface properties of functionalized graphene papers aiming to enzyme immobilization

“…The presence of disorder or defects in the graphene sheets, such as vacancies, oxygen-containing functional groups and/or adsorbed molecules, is revealed by the presence of D-band, centered close to 1350 cm -1 [41,42]. The bands centered close to 2700 and 2900 cm -1 are known as the secondorder contribution of D-band (named 2D) and the combination of G and D bands (named D + G), respectively [43].…”