Revealing chromatin organization in metaphase chromosomes

Fierz, Beat

doi:10.15252/embj.2019101699

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 11 publications

(24 reference statements)

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“…Although it is generally accepted that nucleosome interactions contribute to chromosome compaction, different results support contradicting models ranging from interdigitated nucleosome stacks to a polymer melt of chromatin (Eltsov et al ., 2008; Chicano et al ., 2019). A discussion of these different results can be found in Fierz (2019).…”

Section: Current Structural Model For Mitotic Chromosomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1) (Gibcus et al ., 2018; Walther et al ., 2018). This chromatin organization has been described as the bottle-brush structure (Fierz, 2019). To allow for even more efficient compaction, a nested-loop structure is formed by the concerted action of condensin I, which is located further away from the center of the scaffold, and condensin II, which binds more stably and closer to the center of the scaffold.…”

Section: Current Structural Model For Mitotic Chromosomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was shown that post-translational modifications of histones, specifically hypermethylation, increases the stiffness of chromosomes, which is direct evidence for a substantial contribution of histone interactions to the mechanical properties of mitotic chromosomes and presumably also on chromosome compaction (Biggs et al ., 2019). The organization and dynamics of histones in the mitotic chromosome, however, remain unclear (Fierz, 2019).…”

Section: What Determines the Mechanical Properties Of Mitotic Chromosomes?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The mechanics of mitotic chromosomes

Man

Witt

Wuite

2021

Quart. Rev. Biophys.

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Condensation and faithful separation of the genome are crucial for the cellular life cycle. During chromosome segregation, mechanical forces generated by the mitotic spindle pull apart the sister chromatids. The mechanical nature of this process has motivated a lot of research interest into the mechanical properties of mitotic chromosomes. Although their fundamental mechanical characteristics are known, it still remains unclear how these characteristics emerge from the structure of the mitotic chromosome. Recent advances in genomics, computational and super-resolution microscopy techniques have greatly promoted our understanding of the chromosomal structure and have motivated us to review the mechanical characteristics of chromosomes in light of the current structural insights. In this review, we will first introduce the current understanding of the chromosomal structure, before reviewing characteristic mechanical properties such as the Young's modulus and the bending modulus of mitotic chromosomes. Then we will address the approaches used to relate mechanical properties to the structure of chromosomes and we will also discuss how mechanical characterization can aid in elucidating their structure. Finally, future challenges, recent developments and emergent questions in this research field will be discussed.

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Section: Current Structural Model For Mitotic Chromosomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Current Structural Model For Mitotic Chromosomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: What Determines the Mechanical Properties Of Mitotic Chromosomes?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The mechanics of mitotic chromosomes

Man

Witt

Wuite

2021

Quart. Rev. Biophys.

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“…In the chromatin filaments, nucleosome cores are connected with short segments of linker DNA that are associated with histone H1 (Fierz and Poirier, 2019). Several structural models have been proposed for the condensation of the chromatin filament into micrometer-sized mitotic chromosomes [reviewed in (Piskadlo and Oliveira, 2016;Fierz, 2019;Beseda et al, 2020)]. It was proposed that the chromatin filament is highly disordered in the chromosomes (Eltsov et al, 2008;Nishino et al, 2012), but generally it is considered that the filament forms radial loops.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypothesis: The opposing pulling forces exerted by spindle microtubules can cause sliding of chromatin layers and facilitate sister chromatid resolution

Daban

2023

Front. Genet.

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Previous studies indicated that mitotic chromosome structure consists of many stacked layers formed by a mononucleosome sheet folded as a helicoid. This multilayer chromatin structure justifies the cylindrical shape of chromosomes and the transverse orientation of cytogenetic bands, and can explain chromosome duplication by the formation of a transient double helicoid that is split into two sister chromatids in mitosis. Here it is hypothesized that the bipolar pulling forces exerted by the mitotic spindle cause the sliding of the layers and facilitate sister chromatid resolution. This hypothesis is supported by three favorable conditions: i) There is no topological entanglement of DNA between adjacent layers; ii) The orientation (parallel to the stacked layers) of the bipolar kinetochore microtubules is adequate to produce layer sliding in opposite directions; iii) The viscous resistance to the sliding caused by the weak interactions between nucleosomes in adjacent layers can be overcome by the microtubule pulling forces.

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Chromatin is a Dynamic Structure

Raman

2022

Reson

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Revealing chromatin organization in metaphase chromosomes

Cited by 3 publications

References 11 publications

The mechanics of mitotic chromosomes

The mechanics of mitotic chromosomes

Hypothesis: The opposing pulling forces exerted by spindle microtubules can cause sliding of chromatin layers and facilitate sister chromatid resolution

Chromatin is a Dynamic Structure

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