Revaccination of Adults Against Diphtheria Ii: Combined Diphtheria and Tetanus Revaccination With Different Doses of Diphtheria Toxoid 20 Years After Primary Vaccination

Simonsen, Ole; Klærke, Michael; Klaerke, A; Bloch, A V; Hansen, Bryan R.; Hald, N; C, Hau; Heron, Iver

doi:10.1111/j.1699-0463.1986.tb02115.x

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(15 reference statements)

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“…or s.c.) and method of injection, (3) tetanus antitoxin levels prior to vaccination, (4) the presence (and perhaps quantity) of adjuvants, (5) age of the subjects, and (6) method used to assess reactogenicity (e.g., personal or telephone interviews with or without open or closed questions, diary cards to be filled in by vaccinees, etc.). In any case, the overall incidence of reactions observed (50%) was lower than of that described in some controlled trials (ranging between 70% and 82%) 11,13,14,18 but higher than the incidence reported in another (31%) 15 and somewhat similar to that reported by Middaugh during a mass Td campaign (58%). 17 The reactogenicity profile of Td vaccine observed in this study is consistent with that reported in the literature, 5,11,13,18 except for malaise, which is usually reported less frequently.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Reactogenicity Profile of Tetanus‐Diphtheria (Adult‐Type) Vaccine: Results of a Naturalistic Study Performed at an Adult Vaccination Center

Vilella

Dal‐Ré²,

Simó

et al. 2000

The Journal of Clinical Pharma

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A prospective observational naturalistic study was conducted at a vaccination center to assess the reactogenicity of tetanus‐diphtheria (adult‐type) (Td) vaccine. In 1 year, 3072 adult subjects were invited to participate, of whom 1977 (62% women, mean age [± SD]: 39 [± 14.5] years [range: 18–85 years]) actively did so. A follow‐up diary card was provided to all subjects to record all local and general symptoms experienced during the following 4 days after vaccination. Of the study population (n = 1977), 280 received a second Td dose, and 30 received a third dose: the total number of diary cards collected was 2287. Td was always administered (i.m. route) in the left arm. The study population was grouped by age: 52%, 41%, and 7% were ages 18 to 35, 36 to 65, and > 65 years, respectively, most of them beingtravelers to developing countries. Close to two‐thirds of subjects received up to nine different vaccines (mainly hepatitis B, hepatitis A, and typhoid) in addition to Td. Adverse reactions were classified as mild, moderate, and severe. Overall, 50% of subjects reported some type of adverse reaction. Pain, discomfort with arm movement, swelling, malaise, and fever (axillary temperature ≥ 38°C) were recorded in 43%, 14%, 3.8%, 5.1%, and 1.7% of all diary cards, respectively. Local and general reactions were considered as mild by almost two‐thirds of vaccinees and lasted ≤ 48 hours in about three‐fourths of them. The incidence of moderate plus severe local reactions was significantly (p < 0.01) more commonly reported in the 18‐ to 35‐year‐old group than in the 36‐ to 65‐year‐old group. No statistically significant differences were observed when comparing the incidence of general adverse reactions of those receiving Td alone with those receiving additional vaccines or when comparing the duration and intensity by age groups. Only 5.2% of subjects required analgesic/antipyretic treatment. In conclusion, this study shows that Td vaccine is reasonably well tolerated when given alone or with other vaccines. Similar studies should be conducted with other vaccines routinely recommended to adults to assess how they are administered in usual clinical practice and the reactogenicity profile perceived by the vaccinees.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Reactogenicity Profile of Tetanus‐Diphtheria (Adult‐Type) Vaccine: Results of a Naturalistic Study Performed at an Adult Vaccination Center

Vilella

Dal‐Ré²,

Simó

et al. 2000

The Journal of Clinical Pharma

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“…45 However, it has also been observed that the bacteriophage β has the capacity to infect samples of C. diphtheriae, C. pseudotuberculosis and C. ulcerans, thereby constituting a risk of emergence of conditions of diphtheria caused by this species. 1,38,95,99 Variability of the capacity to produce DT, between samples of C. ulcerans, has already been documented. 39,116 The majority of clinical cases in humans and animals have been correlated with DT-producing strains (Tables 1 and 2).…”

Section: Microbiological and Clinical Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Some samples isolated from patients presenting conditions of extrapharyngeal infection have presented differences in DT sequences, predominantly in the domains of translocation and adherence. 9,70,80,99,109 These facts may contribute towards situations in which individuals vaccinated with diphtheric toxoid or undergoing serum therapy do not present full protection against infections caused by C. ulcerans. Even if it is considered that the diphtheric toxoid may have a protective effect against diphtheria caused by C. ulcerans (i.e.…”

Section: Role Of Diphtheric Toxoid In Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Difteria pelo Corynebacterium ulcerans: uma zoonose emergente no Brasil e no mundo

Dias

Santos

Sabbadini³

et al. 2011

Rev. Saúde Pública

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The article is a literature review on the emergence of human infections caused by Corynebacterium ulcerans in many countries including Brazil. Articles in Medline/PubMed and SciELO databases published between 1926 and 2011 were reviewed, as well as articles and reports of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. It is presented a fast, cost-effective and easy to perform screening test for the presumptive diagnosis of C. ulcerans and C. diphtheriae infections in most Brazilian public and private laboratories. C. ulcerans spread in many countries and recent isolation of this pathogen in Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil, is a warning to clinicians, veterinarians, and microbiologists on the occurrence of zoonotic diphtheria and C. ulcerans dissemination in urban and rural areas of Brazil and/or Latin America.

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“…22 The increased risk of diphtheria of outbreaks could have been foreseen because immunity after childhood vaccination is temporary. 23 Diphtheria can be treated with diphtheria antitoxin (DAT). However, use of these IgG antibody preparations in developing countries is limited, mainly by high cost.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of antidiphtheria toxin nanobodies

Shaker¹

2010

NSA

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Nanobodies are the smallest fragments of naturally occurring single-domain antibodies that have evolved to be fully functional in the absence of a light chain. Conventional antibodies are glycoproteins comprising two heavy and two light chains. Surprisingly, all members of the Camelidae family possess a fraction of antibodies devoid of both light chains and the first constant domain. These types of antibodies are known as heavy-chain antibody (HcAb) nanobodies. There are three subclasses of IgG in dromedaries, namely IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3 of which IgG2 and IgG3 are of the HcAb type. These heavy chain antibodies constitute approximately 50% of the IgG in llama serum and as much as 75% of the IgG in camel serum. In the present work, the different IgG subclasses from an immunized camel (Camelus dromedarius) with divalent diphtheria-tetanus vaccine were purified using their different affinity for protein A and protein G and their absorbance measured at 280 nm. Purity control and characterization by 12% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of IgG subclasses was done under reducing conditions. Protein bands were visualized after staining with Coomassie Blue, showing two bands at 50 kDa and 30 kDa for IgG1, while IgG2 and IgG3 produced only one band at 46 kDa and 43 kDa, respectively. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test using diphtheria toxin and purified IgG subclasses from the immunized camel were performed to evaluate their efficiency. Compared with conventional IgG1, heavy chain antibodies (nanobodies) were shown to be more efficient in binding to diphtheria toxin antigen. This study revealed the possibility of using IgG2 and IgG3 nanobodies as an effective antitoxin for the treatment of diphtheria in humans.

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Revaccination of Adults Against Diphtheria Ii: Combined Diphtheria and Tetanus Revaccination With Different Doses of Diphtheria Toxoid 20 Years After Primary Vaccination

Cited by 9 publications

References 12 publications

Reactogenicity Profile of Tetanus‐Diphtheria (Adult‐Type) Vaccine: Results of a Naturalistic Study Performed at an Adult Vaccination Center

Reactogenicity Profile of Tetanus‐Diphtheria (Adult‐Type) Vaccine: Results of a Naturalistic Study Performed at an Adult Vaccination Center

Difteria pelo Corynebacterium ulcerans: uma zoonose emergente no Brasil e no mundo

Evaluation of antidiphtheria toxin nanobodies

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