Reuse of Waste Pickling Acid for the Production of Hydrochloric Acid Solution, Iron(II) Chloride and Magnetic Iron Oxide: An Eco-Friendly Process

Cunha, Thuany Nascimento Domingues; Trindade, Daniel Graize; Canesin, Matheus Martins; Effting, Luciane; Moura, Alexandre Amado de; Moisés, Murilo Pereira; Costa, Ismael Laurindo; Bail, Alesandro

doi:10.1007/s12649-020-01079-1

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The waste pickling acid (WPA) and sodium aluminate solution (NaAlO 2 ) >95 wt% were supplied by a local company in polypropylene flasks. The WPA was previously characterized 36 and presented the following metal content: Fe 10.8 wt% and Zn 7.42 wt%; Cr, Pb and Ni 26.6, 73.4 and 14.0 mg L −1 , respectively. The process details on NaAlO 2 production from aluminum scraps are protected by the local company, however, the NaAlO 2 used in this work presented aluminum content of 13.2 wt%.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoflakes of chloride zinc–iron–aluminum-based layered double hydroxides obtained from industrial waste: a green approach to mass-scale production

et al. 2021

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoflakes of chloride zinc–iron–aluminum-based layered double hydroxides obtained from industrial waste: a green approach to mass-scale production

et al. 2021

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“…There is a well-known technique of regeneration of spent etching solutions, which is based on their cooling in an isohydric-type crystallizer [9]. Crystals of ferrum sulfate are separated while the regenerated solution is returned to the technological process.…”

Section: Literature Review and Problem Statementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Crystals of ferrum sulfate are separated while the regenerated solution is returned to the technological process. However, this regeneration technique [9] requires the use of multi-stage processes, high electricity consumption, capital investments, and careful monitoring of the purity of the resulting solution.…”

Section: Literature Review and Problem Statementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determining the rational parameters for processing spent etching solutions by ferritization using alternating magnetic fields

Kochetov

Samchenko

Lastivka

et al. 2022

EEJET

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This paper reports the results of studying the application of a ferritization method for the integrated purification of used etching solutions. A feature of this work is the use of energy-saving activation of the process by alternating magnetic fields. Its advantages are shown in comparison with traditional thermal activation. The influence of magnetic induction amplitude and key technological parameters of ferritization on the quality of cleaning an etching solution has been studied. The qualitative and quantitative composition of sediments obtained after the ferritization of etching solutions was investigated. Used etching solutions are large-tonnage waste of industrial enterprises. They contain harmful pollutants that have a detrimental effect on the environment. It is promising to treat these solutions in order to obtain valuable commodity products. It is established that with an optimal value of magnetic induction amplitude of 0.1 Tl, the degree of extraction of iron ions from the solution reaches a value of 99.99 %. The best values for the main technological parameters of the process have been determined: the concentration of iron ions in the reaction mixture is 6.6 g/dm3; pH, 11.5; the duration of ferritization is 15 min. The residual concentration of iron ions in purified solutions does not exceed 0.3 mg/dm3. Thus, according to the norms of current standards, they can be reused in production. Comparative analysis indicates the advantages of electromagnetic activation of the reaction mixture. The phases of magnetite Fe3O4 and iron monohydrate δ ‒ FeOОН were detected by the method of X-ray phase analysis in ferritization sediments. It is established that with an amplitude of 0.1 Tl, the sediment contains only magnetite. The study's results indicate the possibility of further use of sediments for the manufacture of important ferromagnetic substances. The application of the improved ferritization process in production will achieve less energy consumption compared to well-known processing technologies

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“…Pickling is one of the most commonly applied methods in sheet mills or metal fabrication plants to remove rust or scale, impurities, and inorganic contaminants from the surface of parts of hot-rolled or annealed stainless steel products (e.g., strips) by passing them through an acid bath prior to shaping, cold-rolling, or metal-finishing operations, such as galvanization. − The pickling process not only improves the metal surface quality but also prepares the metal for further processing. In the past, sulfuric acid pickling was used for ordinary steel and ordinary low-alloy steel because the boiling point of hydrochloric acid is low and a corrosive acid mist will be produced during pickling and heating.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Composition and Leaching Toxicity of Hydrochloric Acid Pickling Sludge Generated from the Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel Industry

Zhang

Shu

et al. 2022

ACS Omega

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Steel hydrochloric acid pickling sludge (SHPS), containing the heavy metals Fe, Zn, and Ni and a high chloride salt content, is considered a type of hazardous solid waste because of its potential harm to human health and the environment. In addition, the SHPS yield is large, but the main treatment currently used is only safe for landfills. Although studying the composition and leaching toxicity of SHPS is of great importance, only a small amount of related literature is available. This paper can help compensate for this deficiency. SHPS is analyzed from the aspects of its formation mechanism, pH, moisture content, elemental concentration, phase composition, microstructure, and leaching toxicity. The results show that its pH ranges from 2.25 to 11.11, and the moisture content ranges from 45.47% to 83.34%. Additionally, the concentration of Fe is the highest, with values from 29.80% to 50.65%, while other alkali metal elements, namely, Ca, K, and Na, have values of 0.36% to 23.07%, 0.02% to 19.82%, and 0.38% to 3.31%, respectively. Heavy metal elements, namely, Zn, Ni, Mn, Cr, and Pb, have values of 0.02% to 14.88%, 0.001% to 0.05%, 0.03% to 0.38%, 0.01% to 0.09%, and 0.02% to 0.19%, respectively. Anions, namely, SO 4 2– , Cl – , F – , and NO 3 – , have contents of 0.09% to 0.34%, 0.54% to 5.73%, 0.001% to 0.04%, and 0.01% to 0.15%, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows that Fe and Zn are mainly present in oxides, Ca is present as CaO and CaCO 3 , and chlorine is present in NaCl. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis shows that the microscopic structure consists mainly of bright and fluffy irregular spheres; stripes; flakes; and dark, very small irregular particles. The leaching toxicity test based on HJ/T 299-2007 (China) was performed, where SHPS samples were treated with a mixed solution of sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and pure water (pH = 3.20 ± 0.05) at a liquid-to-solid ratio of 10:1 for a period of 18 h. The leachate was filtered and analyzed for Cr, Ni, Mn, Zn, etc. The leaching results indicate that Zn and Ni are the main elements that cause SHPS to be hazardous to the environment. These research results can provide a reference for later researchers studying the effective treatment of SHPS, such as more effective treatments for reducing toxicity and resource utilization.

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Reuse of Waste Pickling Acid for the Production of Hydrochloric Acid Solution, Iron(II) Chloride and Magnetic Iron Oxide: An Eco-Friendly Process

Cited by 13 publications

References 37 publications

Nanoflakes of chloride zinc–iron–aluminum-based layered double hydroxides obtained from industrial waste: a green approach to mass-scale production

Nanoflakes of chloride zinc–iron–aluminum-based layered double hydroxides obtained from industrial waste: a green approach to mass-scale production

Determining the rational parameters for processing spent etching solutions by ferritization using alternating magnetic fields

Composition and Leaching Toxicity of Hydrochloric Acid Pickling Sludge Generated from the Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel Industry

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