“…Massive amounts of dyes have been produced to fulfil the annual requirements of various textile, leather, pharmaceuticals, paper, cosmetic and food industries. In the market, nearly 10,000 variations of synthetic dyes are found, whereas more than 700,000 tons are generated per annum all over the world ( Das et al., 2021 ). It has been reported by the World Bank that around 17–20% of wastewater is produced from the textile finishing and dyeing treatment ( Holkar et al., 2016 ).…”