Reusable urine glucose sensor based on functionalized graphene oxide conjugated Au electrode with protective layers

Abstract

An electrochemical based system with multiple layers coated on a functionalized graphene oxide Au electrode was developed to measure glucose concentration in urine in a more stable way. Two types of gold printed circuit boards were fabricated and graphene oxide was immobilized on their surface by chemical adsorption. Multiple layers, composed of a couple of polymers, were uniformly coated on the surface electrode. This device exhibited higher electrochemical responses against glucose, a greater resistivity in the presence of interferential substances in urine, and durable stabilities for longer periods of time than conventional units. The efficiency in current level according to the order and ratio of solution was evaluated during the immobilization of the layer. The fabricated electrodes were then also evaluated using hyperglycemic clinical samples and compared with the patterns of blood glucose measured with commercially available glucose meters. Our findings show that not only was their pattern similar but this similarity is well correlated.

A sensitive electrochemical sensor for in vitro detection of parathyroid hormone based on a MoS2-graphene composite

“…Hydrophilic treatment was performed using an oxygen plasma in a CUTE chamber (Femto Science, Republic of Korea). Electrochemical immunoassay measurements were performed on a VersaSTAT 3 potentiostat/galvanostat (Ametek, Princeton Applied Research, USA) with a custom-made Au-printed circuit board (PCB) sensor 40 .…”

“…The customized Au-PCB (d = 2 mm) sensor employed in the present experiment was surface-cleaned by isopropanol and rinsed thoroughly with DIW. Before performing any surface modification, the Au-PCB working surface was treated with oxygen plasma for 2 min 40 . The Au electrode was pretreated with O 2 plasma at a base pressure of 5 × 10 −2 Torr, a working pressure of 7.8 × 10 −1 Torr, 50 watts power, and an oxygen flow rate of 45 sccm for 2 min.…”

Au-IDA microelectrodes modified with Au-doped graphene oxide for the simultaneous determination of uric acid and ascorbic acid in urine samples

“…Such combined properties enhance fast electron transfer, enabling its application in electrochemical sensing and biosensing. In order to increase its sensitivity and selectivity, GO usually is functionalised with other materials, such as nanoparticles or polymers [16][17][18][19][20][21]. At present, several of the recent studies have combined gold nanoparticles with graphene-based materials for electrochemical sensors and biosensors, trying to take advantage of the catalytic character and biocompatibility of gold.…”

“…Benvidi et al fabricated a reduced graphene oxide (RGO), gold nanoparticles and 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)benzothiazole-modified glassy carbon electrode for the simultaneous determination of levodopa, uric acid and folic acid [17]. Only a few publications may be found related with modified interdigitated arrays [21,25] or screen-printed electrodes [19], with a small size which makes the development of portable Lab-on-a-Chip devices feasible.…”

An Equipment-Free, Paper-Based Electrochemical Sensor for Visual Monitoring of Glucose Levels in Urine

“…Urine has been widely studied as a glucose diagnostic sample because it is easily and noninvasively collected. [1][2][3] Persistent high glucose levels in urine may increase the complications from diabetes or indicate a poor response to treatment. Urine glucose in the 2.78-5.55 mM range reliably indicates that blood sugar levels are high.…”