“…By measuring the pressure difference and the streaming potential, the zeta potential of bare Zn (−8.195 mV) and Zn-CCS (−2.763 mV) could be calculated by Helmholtz–Smoluchowski formula as eq : ζ = 4 π η ε · UX Δ P · G where ζ is the zeta potential (V), η the viscosity of the medium (Pa s), ε the dielectric constant (F m –1 ), U the streaming potential (V), X the conductivity (A V m –1 ), Δ P the pressure difference (Pa), and G the correction factor. Lower potentials indicated that the charge distribution at the Zn-CCS interface was changed and the adsorption of anions was significantly weakened in the same environment. , Besides, Zn-CCS was rich in hydrophilic functional groups and had a network-like surface with a high specific surface area, which made it have good wettability to aqueous electrolytes than bare Zn (89°) and was beneficial for the Zn ion diffusion (Figure i) . Among this, the surface morphology becomes flat from unevenness as the electrodeposition time grows with the continuous generation of Zn-CCS, and thus, the apparent contact angle continues to increase (30 s–37°, 60 s–44°, 90s-50°, 120s-52°, 150s-68°, 180s-73°).…”