Retroviruses and primate evolution

Свердлов, Е. Д.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-1878(200002)22:2<161::aid-bies7>3.0.co;2-x

Cited by 217 publications

(123 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…The human genome is estimated to contain tens of thousands of copies of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) and related sequences, accounting for 8% of its sequence content (Lander et al 2001;Paces et al 2002). Most HERVs appear to have entered the genome of our ancestors between 30 and 45 million years ago, after the divergence of Old and New World monkeys (Sverdlov 2000), although elements as old as 55 million years are known (Bannert and Kurth 2004;Lavie et al 2004). Because of their relatively long residence in the genome, the majority of HERV elements are riddled with deleterious mutations, large deletions, and insertions of other repetitive elements.…”

Section: Ndogenous Retroviruses Arise From Retroviralmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Endogenous Retroviral Elements as Indicators of Ectopic Recombination Events in the Primate Genome

Hughes

Coffin

2005

Genetics

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HERV elements make up a significant fraction of the human genome and, as interspersed repetitive elements, have the capacity to provide substrates for ectopic recombination and gene conversion events. To understand the extent to which these events occur and gain further insight into the complex evolutionary history of these elements in our genome, we undertook a phylogenetic study of the long terminal repeat sequences of 15 HERV-K(HML-2) elements in various primate species. This family of human endogenous retroviruses first entered the primate genome between 35 and 45 million years ago. Throughout primate evolution, these elements have undergone bursts of amplification. From this analysis, which is the largestscale study of HERV sequence dynamics during primate evolution to date, we were able to detect intraelement gene conversion and recombination at five HERV-K loci. We also found evidence for replacement of an ancient element by another HERV-K provirus, apparently reflecting an occurrence of retroviral integration by homologous recombination. The high frequency of these events casts doubt on the accuracy of integration time estimates based only on divergence between retroelement LTRs.

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Section: Ndogenous Retroviruses Arise From Retroviralmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Endogenous Retroviral Elements as Indicators of Ectopic Recombination Events in the Primate Genome

Hughes

Coffin

2005

Genetics

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“…Examples of the association of transcription regulatory motifs with transposable elements have been summarized earlier in many reviews. (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11) The significance of the second class of non-coding repeats, short microsatellites, in the regulation of gene expression also has been recently discussed. (12) One subfamily of simplesequence tandem repeats, composed of basic hexamer TTAGGG, was found to have important capping functions in vertebrate telomeres.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of mammalian gene expression by retroelements and non‐coding tandem repeats

Tomilin

2008

BioEssays

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Genomes of higher eukaryotes contain abundant non‐coding repeated sequences whose overall biological impact is unclear. They comprise two categories. The first consists of retrotransposon‐derived elements. These are three major families of retroelements (LINEs, SINEs and LTRs). SINEs are clustered in gene‐rich regions and are found in promoters of genes while LINEs are concentrated in gene‐poor regions and are depleted from promoters. The second class consists of non‐coding tandem repeats (satellite DNAs and TTAGGG arrays), which are associated with mammalian centromeres, heterochromatin and telomeres. Terminal TTAGGG arrays are involved in telomere capping and satellite DNAs are located in heterochromatin, which is implicated in transcription silencing by gene repositioning (relocalization). It is unknown whether interstitial TTAGGG sequences, which are present in many vertebrates, have a function. Here, evidence will be presented that retroelements and TTAGGG arrays are involved in regulation of gene expression. Retroelements can provide binding sites for transcription factors and protect promoter CpG islands from repressive chromatin modifications, and may be also involved in nuclear compartmentalization of transcriptionally active and inactive domains. Interstitial telomere‐like sequences can form dynamically maintained three‐dimensional nuclear networks of transcriptionally inactive domains, which may be involved in transcription silencing like classic heterochromatin. BioEssays 30:338–348, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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“…6,7 The majority of HERVs inserted into primate genome after the divergence of New World and Old World monkeys and were subjected to several amplification events during primate evolution. 8,9 When HERVs integrate into a host genome, they generate a form of the viral genome, including a 5¢ LTR (long terminal repeats)-gag (capsid protein)-pol (viral enzyme)-env (envelope protein) -3¢LTR, that is for replication and infection. 10 Most HERVs are thought to be remnants of ancient germ line infection because they are defective and have accumulated multiple stop codons and deleterious mutations during evolution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human endogenous retrovirus K14C drove genomic diversification of the Y chromosome during primate evolution

et al. 2010

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The male-specific region of Y chromosome (MSY) has accumulated a higher density of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) and related sequences when compared with other regions of the human genome. Here, we focused on one HERV family, HERV-K14C that seemed to integrate preferentially into the Y chromosome in humans. To identify every copies of HERV-K14C in the human genome, we applied computational screening to map precisely the locus of individual HERV-K14C copies. Interestingly, 29 of all 146 copies were located in Y chromosome, and these 29 copies were mostly dispersed in the palindromic region. Three distinct HERV-K14C-related transcripts were found and were exclusively expressed in human testis tissue. Based on our phylogenetic analysis of the solitary LTRs derived from HERV-K14C on the Y chromosome we suggested that these sequences were generated as pairs of identical sequences. Specifically, analysis of HERV-K14C-related sequences in the palindromic region demonstrated that the Y chromosomal amplicons existed in our common ancestors and the duplicated pairs arose after divergence of great apes approximately 8-10 million years ago. Taken together, our observation suggested that HERV-K14C-related sequences contributed to genomic diversification of Y chromosome during speciation of great ape lineage.

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Retroviruses and primate evolution

Cited by 217 publications

References 89 publications

Human Endogenous Retroviral Elements as Indicators of Ectopic Recombination Events in the Primate Genome

Human Endogenous Retroviral Elements as Indicators of Ectopic Recombination Events in the Primate Genome

Regulation of mammalian gene expression by retroelements and non‐coding tandem repeats

Human endogenous retrovirus K14C drove genomic diversification of the Y chromosome during primate evolution

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