Retroviral RNA Processing

Beemon, Karen

doi:10.3390/v14051113

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 94 publications

(132 reference statements)

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“…This may explain the findings of alternative splicing of HERV-H ( 113 ) and HERV-K ( 28 ) of the splice site selection type. Similar mechanisms have been observed for HIV ( 134 ) and other retroviruses ( 124 ). However, some splice site sequences in HERV-K alternative splicing do not match with signal sequences for either U2- or U12-type spliceosomes.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…Transcription of the HERV provirus, by RNA polymerase II, generates a primary viral RNA that is both 5′ capped and 3′ polyadenylated, as any other mRNA of the host cell ( 124 ). Similarly to the host RNA, the primary RNA can be regulated by internally m 6 A and m 5 C methylations ( 133 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been speculated that the highly mutated HERV genome may disrupt canonical SD/SA signals and allow cryptic splicing sites to emerge. In fact, many of such sites have been identified throughout the HERV genome ( 123 , 124 ).…”

Section: The Good the Bad And The Ugly: Canonical Alternative And Abe...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Alternative and aberrant splicing of human endogenous retroviruses in cancer. What about head and neck? —A mini review

Agoni

2022

Front. Oncol.

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Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are transcribed in many cancer types, including head and neck cancer. Because of accumulating mutations at proviral loci over evolutionary time, HERVs are functionally defective and cannot complete their viral life cycle. Despite that, HERV transcripts, including full-length viral RNAs and viral RNAs spliced as expected at the conventional viral splice sites, can be detected in particular conditions, such as cancer. Interestingly, non-viral–related transcription, including aberrant, non-conventionally spliced RNAs, has been reported as well. The role of HERV transcription in cancer and its contribution to oncogenesis or progression are still debated. Nonetheless, HERVs may constitute a suitable cancer biomarker or a target for therapy. Thus, ongoing research aims both to clarify the basic mechanisms underlying HERV transcription in cancer and to exploit its potential toward clinical application. In this mini-review, we summarize the current knowledge, the most recent findings, and the future perspectives of research on HERV transcription and splicing, with particular focus on head and neck cancer.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Alternative and aberrant splicing of human endogenous retroviruses in cancer. What about head and neck? —A mini review

Agoni

2022

Front. Oncol.

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“…The ssRNA-RT virus has a complex genome that is integrated to the host cell genome before being transcribed and spliced by the cellular machinery. All retroviruses, including HIV-1, have primary retroviral transcripts characterised by a major 5′ splicing site in their 5′-UTR, upstream of the gag gene, and a 3′ splicing site downstream of the pol gene, turning gag-pol into an intron [ 173 ]. The HIV-1 genome can produce >30 different mRNAs, with 3 types of splicing patterns: unspliced, once-spliced, and completely spliced [ 174 , 175 ].…”

Section: Implication Of Nmd Factors In Human Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay Factor Functions in Human Health and Disease

2023

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Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is a cellular surveillance mechanism that degrades mRNAs with a premature stop codon, avoiding the synthesis of C-terminally truncated proteins. In addition to faulty mRNAs, NMD recognises ~10% of endogenous transcripts in human cells and downregulates their expression. The up-frameshift proteins are core NMD factors and are conserved from yeast to human in structure and function. In mammals, NMD diversified into different pathways that target different mRNAs employing additional NMD factors. Here, we review our current understanding of molecular mechanisms and cellular roles of NMD pathways and the involvement of more specialised NMD factors. We describe the consequences of mutations in NMD factors leading to neurodevelopmental diseases, and the role of NMD in cancer. We highlight strategies of RNA viruses to evade recognition and decay by the NMD machinery.

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“…It plays various roles in regulating the progress of transcription and translation. According to Francis Crick's central dogma proposed in 1859, genetic information flows from DNA to RNA and then to protein, which ultimately determines an organism's traits (genetic information of some RNA viruses, such as single strand viruses and retroviruses, is the exceptions of Francis Crick's central dogma (Beemon, 2022; Belsham, 2005; Niepmann, 2013). RNA can be divided into coding RNA/messenger RNA (mRNA) and noncoding RNA (such as ribosomal RNA, transporter RNA, small nuclear RNA, small nucleolar RNA, long‐range noncoding RNA, hairpin RNA, small interfering RNA [siRNA], and microRNA [miRNA]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The current perspective and opportunities of small nucleic acid‐based therapeutics

Chen,

Li,

et al. 2024

Drug Development Research

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Compared to traditional small molecule and antibody drugs, RNA‐based drugs offer a simple design, short research and development cycles, high specificity, broad treatment fields, and long‐term efficacy. As a result, RNA‐based drugs are extensively used to treat genetic diseases, tumors, viral infections, and other illnesses, suggesting that they have the potential to become the third‐largest drug class after small molecule and antibody drugs. Currently, more than 10 small nucleic acid drugs have gained regulatory approval. The commercialization successes of small nucleic acid drugs will stimulate the development of RNA‐based drugs. Small nucleic acid drugs primarily target liver diseases, metabolic diseases, genetic diseases, and tumors, and there is also significant potential for expanding indications in the future. This review provides a brief overview of the advantages and development of small nucleic acid‐based therapeutics and shows a focus on platform technologies such as chemical modifications and delivery systems that have enabled the clinical translation of small nucleic acid‐based therapeutics. Additionally, we summarize the latest clinical progress in small nucleic acid‐based therapeutics for the treatment of various diseases, including rare diseases, liver diseases, metabolic diseases, and tumors. Finally, we highlight the future prospects for this promising treatment approach.

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Retroviral RNA Processing

Cited by 6 publications

References 94 publications

Alternative and aberrant splicing of human endogenous retroviruses in cancer. What about head and neck? —A mini review

Alternative and aberrant splicing of human endogenous retroviruses in cancer. What about head and neck? —A mini review

Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay Factor Functions in Human Health and Disease

The current perspective and opportunities of small nucleic acid‐based therapeutics

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