Retrospective Study of Testicular Degeneration in Raccoons with Canine Distemper Infection

Hamir, Amir N.; Raju, Narayan; Hable, Charles P.; Rupprecht, Charles E.

doi:10.1177/104063879200400207

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Such infection results in the release of PRRSV-infected germinal cells in semen, which therefore supports the venereal transmission of the infection and explains the reported infectivity of swine semen. Concomitantly with the venereal dissemination of the infectious virus, this type of gonadal infections entails a severe alteration of the function of the seminal tissues and results in a temporary (4,16) or permanent (2, 13) virus-induced male sterility. Examples of such virus-induced orchitis and alterations in spermatogenesis are mumps testicular infection in humans (5), encephalomyocarditis virus in rodents (38), and canine distemper virus in racoons and (probably) dogs (16).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Concomitantly with the venereal dissemination of the infectious virus, this type of gonadal infections entails a severe alteration of the function of the seminal tissues and results in a temporary (4,16) or permanent (2, 13) virus-induced male sterility. Examples of such virus-induced orchitis and alterations in spermatogenesis are mumps testicular infection in humans (5), encephalomyocarditis virus in rodents (38), and canine distemper virus in racoons and (probably) dogs (16). Recently interest in this phenomenon has been invigorated due to the documented ability of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) to infect germ cells (28), which results in venereal transmission of HIV-1 in semen and in the development of severe orchitis in patients with AIDS (11).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In summary, we have demonstrated that an important pathogenic feature which is essential for the venereal transmission of arteriviruses is based on a newly described ability of this group to replicate in germinal cells. This ability to infect male gonadal cells is a strategy that seems to have been consistently conserved among certain viruses, including viruses of vertebrates (4,5,11,16,38) and invertebrates (12,13,34). In all likelihood, such specialized tropism represents a viral evolutionary advantage, as it results in an efficient mechanism for the sexual transmission of the infection and for the perpetuation of the virus in a given host population.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: a persistent infection

Wills

Zimmerman

Yoon

et al. 1997

Veterinary Microbiology

212

143

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Persistent infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) was shown in experimentally infected pigs by isolation of virus from oropharyngeal samples for up to 157 days after challenge. Four 4 week old, conventional, PRRSV antibody-negative pigs were intranasally inoculated with PRRSV (ATCC VR-2402). Serum samples were collected every 2 to 3 days until day 42 post inoculation (PI), then approximately every 14 days until day 213 PI. Fecal samples were collected at the time of serum collection through day 35 PI. Oropharyngeal samples were collected at the time of serum collection from 56 to 213 days PI by scraping the oropharyngeal area with a sterile spoon, especially targeting the palatine tonsil. Turbinate, tonsil, lung, parotid salivary gland, spleen, lymph nodes and serum were collected postmortem on day 220 PI. Virus isolation (VI) on porcine alveolar macrophage cultures was attempted on all serum, fecal and oropharyngeal samples, as well as tissues collected postmortem. Postmortem tonsil tissues and selected fecal samples were also assayed for the presence of PRRSV RNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Serum antibody titers were determined by IFA, ELISA and SVN. Virus was isolated from all serum samples collected on days 2 to 11 PI and intermittently for up to 23 days in two pigs. No PRRSV was isolated from fecal samples, but 3 of 24 samples were PCR positive, suggesting the presence of inactivated virus. Oropharyngeal samples from each pig were VI positive 1 or more times between 56 and 157 days PI. Oropharyngeal samples from 3 of 4 pigs were VI positive on days 56, 70 and 84 PI. Virus was isolated from one pig on day 157 PI, 134 days after the last isolation of virus from serum from this animal. Virus was isolated from oropharyngeal samples for several weeks after the maximum serum antibody response, as measured by IFA, ELISA and SVN tests. All tissues collected postmortem were VI negative and postmortem tonsil samples were also negative by PCR. An important element in the transmission of PRRSV is the duration of virus shedding. The results of this study provided direct evidence of persistent PRRSV infection and explain field observations of long-term herd infection and transmission via purchase of clinically normal, but PRRSV infected, animals. Effective prevention and control strategies will need to be developed in the context of these results.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: a persistent infection

Wills

Zimmerman

Yoon

et al. 1997

Veterinary Microbiology

212

143

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Testicular degeneration and mineralization of seminiferous tubules has also been described in raccoons with this infection. 59 Since CDV infection produces immunosuppression in the host, it is susceptible to a variety of secondary opportunistic infections, and occasional cases of concurrent infections with rabies, toxoplasmosis, Tyzzer disease, and neosporosis have been documen ted. 16,32,61,70,87,103 Morphologically, because of the immunosuppression caused by canine distemper, there is usually a paucity of host cellular inflammatory infiltrate that is directed at the opportunistic pathogen.…”

Section: Canine Distempermentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathology of neurologic disorders of raccoons (Procyon lotor)

Hamir

2011

J VET Diagn Invest

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The raccoon (Procyon lotor) is almost ubiquitous in North America. In recent times, it was introduced in many parts of the world where it has now become largely feral. Since the outbreak of raccoon rabies epizootic in eastern United States and Canada, most diagnostic laboratories have had increased numbers of raccoon carcasses or raccoon brain submissions for diagnosis of rabies. However, since a number of other diseases that affect the central nervous system and have similar clinical signs as rabies have been documented in this species, the current review attempts to bring together the published information on neurologic disorders of raccoons.

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“…Because many dogs receiving veterinary care are neutered at a young age, there is paucity of information regarding genital involvement in dog with leptospirosis. Escherichia coli infection is the most common cause of orchitis in dogs,16 but other infectious causes include: blastomycosis,17 brucellosis,18 canine distemper, coccidioidomycosis, ehrlichiosis, leishmaniasis19 and Rocky Mountain spotted fever 16. In human leptospirosis, testicular involvement has not been extensively studied either.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Orchitis and balanoposthitis in a dog withLeptospira interrogansserovar Canicola in Southern California

Bonaparte¹,

Page²,

Beeler

2018

Vet Record Case Reports

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Leptospirosis is a disease caused by bacteria Leptospira. It can infect multiple species of mammals, including humans, dogs, rats, mice, raccoons, skunks, opossums, cows and pigs. Once infected, mammals may present with a variety of clinical manifestations. While the classical presentation of the disease is easily recognised by experienced clinicians practising in endemic regions, atypical systemic manifestations can be missed. In this case report, we describe the atypical manifestations of orchitis and balanoposthitis in a five-year-old male intact dog from Los Angeles County, California with confirmed leptospirosis. The dog was infected with serovar Canicola, which is uncommon for this region. Awareness of these atypical manifestations would hopefully guide clinicians towards early diagnosis.

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Retrospective Study of Testicular Degeneration in Raccoons with Canine Distemper Infection

Cited by 6 publications

References 7 publications

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: a persistent infection

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: a persistent infection

Pathology of neurologic disorders of raccoons (Procyon lotor)

Orchitis and balanoposthitis in a dog withLeptospira interrogansserovar Canicola in Southern California

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