Retrospective Study of Leptospirosis in Malaysia

Garba, Bashiru; Bahaman, Abdul Rani; Khairani-Bejo, Siti; Zakaria, Zunita; Mutalib, Abdul

doi:10.1007/s10393-017-1234-0

Cited by 49 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 42 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The hospital was selected because it is in Serdang, a district in the state of Selangor, the most populous state in Malaysia (Department of Statistic Malaysia 2015). In July 2015, the Selangor state had the fourth highest number of reported cases after Kuala Lumpur, Negeri Sembilan, and Sarawak (Garba et al 2017). Khairani-Bejo et al (2004) reported 3.1% prevalence of leptospirosis among rats that were caught in Serdang residential area.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Significant Clinical Presentation of Leptospirosis in Relation to Sociodemographic and Risk Factors in a Tertiary Hospital, Malaysia

Taib

Ahmad

Soh

et al. 2020

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Introduction: Incidence of leptospirosis has increased within the past few years in many countries. Its clinical presentations were generally nonspecific, making it difficult to assist in the diagnosis. Besides the determination of the common clinical features, the sociodemographic background is essential to identify high-risk populations to assist in prevention. Methods: Data for this study were obtained from electronic medical records among patients clinically diagnosed with leptospirosis at a tertiary hospital in Malaysia from the years 2011 to 2015 and were recorded using standard pro forma. Associations between clinical features and sociodemographics were performed using bivariate analysis and logistic regression. Results: Data were collected from 283 patients. Their mean age was 30.71 years old. Out of 283 patients, 206 (72.8%) were male. Involvement in outdoor events and water activities was the highest risk factor of acquiring leptospirosis in 64 (22.7%) patients followed by 59 (20.8%) patients who were staying in crowded housing areas with poor sanitation. Although fever was the main clinical presentation in 274 (96.8%) patients with leptospirosis, gastrointestinal (GIT) symptoms were the second most frequent in 159 (56.2%) patients followed by pulmonary symptoms, myalgia, headache, and jaundice. From the total number of 283 patients, only 21 (92.6%) presented with severe leptospirosis. GIT symptoms were a significant predictor for leptospirosis severity, while the age group was the significant sociodemographic factor toward GIT presentation in leptospirosis. The relationship between GIT symptoms and crowded housing areas with poor sanitation was also significant. Multivariable logistic regression showed that crowded housing areas with poor sanitation (odds ratio [OR] = 3.570, p < 0.001) and age between 20 and 40 years old (OR = 2.056, p = 0.014) were more likely to have GIT symptoms. Conclusions: Information regarding the clinical features of leptospirosis to the public is necessary, while targeted prevention by educational outreach among 20-40 year olds especially those participating in outdoor water activities are crucial to decrease the incidence and complications of leptospirosis.

show abstract

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Significant Clinical Presentation of Leptospirosis in Relation to Sociodemographic and Risk Factors in a Tertiary Hospital, Malaysia

Taib

Ahmad

Soh

et al. 2020

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Arbitrary values of the initial conditions were set, but a human:infected rodent ratio of 1:3 was chosen, according to the information documented in several works [32,[49][50][51]. Time and parameters are expressed in day and 1/day, respectively.…”

Section: Numerical Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Epidemic Model for the Propagation of Leptospirosis Outbreaks

Gualtieri¹,

Hecht²

2019

JHS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Leptospirosis is a disease of worldwide distribution caused by spirochetes of the genus Leptospira. Rodents have been recognized as the most important and most widely distributed reservoirs of leptospirosis. In different regions of the world, there are outbreaks of leptospirosis that have a seasonal distribution and coincide with the rainy months. One way to study the spread of epidemics is through mathematical models. In the present work, the objective of the authors was to develop and explore a model of leptospirosis outbreak, combining the dynamics of propagation in human population with the dynamics of transmission from rodent reservoirs to humans. The authors designed a deterministic model based on differential equations. The dynamics of the model were explored through computational simulations. The typical evolution of prevalence observed in the model, qualitatively coincides with the dynamics of actual leptospirosis outbreaks. In the model, the peak prevalence was reduced when the transmission parameter and the number of rodents decreased, and when the lepospira decay rate increased. These results coincide with what was expected. The present development could be considered as a starting point for the generation of a more complex design.

show abstract

“…The duration of immunity is also said to range from six months to three years depending on the choice of adjuvants 17 18 . Recent reports in the United States indicate up to 30 per cent of vaccinated dogs do not respond to vaccinations and immunizations are also associated with adverse effects 10 . This is attributed to change in the epidemiology of the disease and ingress of new serovars in endemic areas.…”

Section: Leptospirosis Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the past century, several epidemics have been reported worldwide including India, where the disease has been endemic since the 20 th century 9 . Epidemiological investigations indicate that the infection is commonly associated with certain occupational groups such as farmers, sewage workers, veterinarians, and animal handlers 10 11 12 and most of the circulating serovars reside in rodents and other domestic animal reservoirs such as dogs, pigs and cattle 13 14 15 . Hence, these domestic animals may be the source of both human and animal infection.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances & challenges in leptospiral vaccine development

Garba

Bahaman

2018

Indian J Med Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Considerable progress has been made in the field of leptospiral vaccines development since its first use as a killed vaccine in guinea pigs. Despite the fact that the immunity conferred is restricted to serovars with closely related lipopolysaccharide antigen, certain vaccines have remained useful, especially in endemic regions, for the protection of high-risk individuals. Other conventional vaccines such as the live-attenuated vaccine and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) vaccine have not gained popularity due to the reactive response that follows their administration and the lack of understanding of the pathogenesis of leptospirosis. With the recent breakthrough and availability of complete genome sequences of Leptospira, development of novel vaccine including recombinant protein vaccine using reverse vaccinology approaches has yielded encouraging results. However, factors hindering the development of effective leptospiral vaccines include variation in serovar distribution from region to region, establishment of renal carrier status following vaccination and determination of the dose and endpoint titres acceptable as definitive indicators of protective immunity. In this review, advancements and progress made in LPS-based vaccines, killed- and live-attenuated vaccines, recombinant peptide vaccines and DNA vaccines against leptospirosis are highlighted.

show abstract

Retrospective Study of Leptospirosis in Malaysia

Cited by 49 publications

References 42 publications

Significant Clinical Presentation of Leptospirosis in Relation to Sociodemographic and Risk Factors in a Tertiary Hospital, Malaysia

Significant Clinical Presentation of Leptospirosis in Relation to Sociodemographic and Risk Factors in a Tertiary Hospital, Malaysia

An Epidemic Model for the Propagation of Leptospirosis Outbreaks

Advances & challenges in leptospiral vaccine development

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About