Retrospective and Prospective Processing in Animal Working Memory

Honig, Werner K.; Thompson, Roger K. R.

doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60551-4

Cited by 113 publications

(122 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…We think not. Context-dependent retrieval has wide acceptance in the animal long-term memory literature (e.g., D ' Amato & Worsham, 1974;Gordon, 1981;Honig & Thompson, 1982;Spear, 1981), and is invoked to explain learning in nearly all experimental preparations, including serial probe recognition, radial arm maze performance, autoshaping, classical conditioning, aversive conditioning, etc. (Bouton & Bolles, 1979;Olton, 1978;Tomie, 1976;Wagner, 1978).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of interpolated stimuli in the retroactive interference of pigeon short-term memory

Kendrick

Rilling

1984

Animal Learning & Behavior

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Theoretical accounts of retroactive interference in delayed matching-to-sample attribute decrements in performance to disruption of rehearsal or retrieval of a sample stimulus representation or an instruction of which test stimulus to peck. However, only two sources of retroactive interference have been identified so far: changes in illumination and electric shock. The present experiments sought evidence of additional sources of retroactive interference. Stimuli associated with variable interval (Vl), extinction (EXT), and differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) schedules were interpolated into the delays of delayed matching. The results of three experiments demonstrated that a stimulus associated with a VI schedule of reinforcement interferes with delayed matching but that an EXT-associated stimulus does not. Experiment 2 showed that a DRO-associated stimulus interferes with delayed matching. Additional analysis indicated that interference with delayed matching was a function of the degree to which the interpolated stimuli disrupted delay-interval behavior associated with accurate matching. These findings support the behavioral-context hypothesis, which states that response-produced stimuli arising from delay behavior provide the context necessary for accurate matching. Retroactive interference thus occurs to the extent that interpolated stimuli interfere with baseline delay behavior. 391Short-term memory in animals has been extensively studied in the delayed matching-to-sample paradigm. The successive delayed matching procedure is composed of four successive events: presentation ofthe sample stimulus, a delay interval, presentation of the test stimulus, and an intertrial interval. Responses during the test stimulus are correct or incorrect, that is, reinforced or not, conditional upon the relation between the previously presented sample stimulus and the current test stimulus (Wasserman, 1976). The task for the animal is to remember at the time of the test stimulus information based on the sample stimulus.Retroactive interference may be produced by interpolating events into the delay period. Retroactive interference is observed when matching accuracy on the interpolated test trials declines relative to matching accuracy on the baseline trials

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of interpolated stimuli in the retroactive interference of pigeon short-term memory

Kendrick

Rilling

1984

Animal Learning & Behavior

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“…Alternatively, the memory code may consist of a representation of the correct comparison or a response intention (i.e., the memory code may be prospective in nature). Although most of the evidence suggests that animals use retrospective codes, there is evidence that both retrospective and prospective codes can be used by pigeons (Grant, 1993;Honig, 1978Honig, , 1981Honig & Thompson, 1982;Roitblat, 1993;Steirn, Zentall, & Sherburne, 1992;Wasserman, 1986;Zentall, 1998;Zentall, Steirn, & Jackson-Smith, 1990) and rats (Cook, Brown, & Riley, 1985).…”

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Pigeons may not use dual coding in the radial maze analog task.

DiGian

Zentall

2007

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes

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Using a radial maze analog task, T. R. Zentall, J. N. Steirn, and P. Jackson-Smith (1990) found evidence that when a delay was interpolated early in a trial, pigeons coded locations retrospectively, but when the delay was interpolated late in the trial, they coded locations prospectively (support for a dual coding hypothesis). In Experiment 1 of the present study, the authors replicated the original finding of dual coding. In Experiments 2 and 3, they used a 2-alternative test procedure that does not require the assumption that pigeons' choice criterion, which changes over the course of the trial, is the same on delay and control trials. Under these conditions, the pigeons no longer showed evidence for dual coding. Instead, there was some evidence that they showed prospective coding, but a more parsimonious account of the results may be that the delay produced a relatively constant decrement in performance at all points of delay interpolation. The original finding of dual coding by Zentall et al. might have been biased by more impulsive choices early in control trials but not in delay trials and by a more stringent choice criterion late in delay trials.

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“…Animals could solve this task by maintaining over the delay a memory of the samples (S1 or S2) or a memory of the anticipated choice stimuli (C1 or C2). The former (memories of events in the recent past) is called retrospective processing, and the latter (anticipation of f uture events) is called prospective processing (Roitblat, 1980;Honig and Thompson, 1982).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…They can, for example, act more quickly and direct attention to catch a fleeting event that might otherwise be missed. Given such advantages, it is not surprising that behavioral evidence for prospective processing has been found in several animal species, including monkeys and pigeons (Gaffan, 1977;Roitblat, 1980;Honig and Thompson, 1982;Colombo and Graziano, 1994). Studies exploring prospective processing have used associative tasks, such as the DPA task described above.…”

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Prospective Coding for Objects in Primate Prefrontal Cortex

1999

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We examined neural activity in prefrontal (PF) cortex of monkeys performing a delayed paired associate task. Monkeys were cued with a sample object. Then, after a delay, a test object was presented. If the test object was the object associated with the sample during training (i.e., its target), they had to release a lever. Monkeys could bridge the delay by remembering the sample (a sensory-related code) and/or thinking ahead to the expected target (a prospective code). Examination of the monkeys' behavior suggested that they were relying on a prospective code. During and shortly after sample presentation, neural activity in the lateral PF cortex primarily reflected the sample. Toward the end of the delay, however, PF activity began to reflect the anticipated target, which indicated a prospective code. These results provide further confirmation that PF cortex does not simply buffer incoming visual inputs, but instead selectively processes information relevant to current behavioral demands, even when this information must be recalled from long-term memory.

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Retrospective and Prospective Processing in Animal Working Memory

Cited by 113 publications

References 37 publications

The role of interpolated stimuli in the retroactive interference of pigeon short-term memory

The role of interpolated stimuli in the retroactive interference of pigeon short-term memory

Pigeons may not use dual coding in the radial maze analog task.

Prospective Coding for Objects in Primate Prefrontal Cortex

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