Retrospective Analysis of Calls to Poison Control Centers Resulting from Exposure to the Insect Repellent<i>N, N</i>-diethyl-<i>M</i>-Toluamide (DEET) from 1985–1989

Veltri, Joseph C.; Osimitz, Thomas G.; Bradford, David C.; Page, Brandi R.

doi:10.3109/15563659409000426

Cited by 100 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…DEET was first developed and patented in 1946 by the U.S. Army for use by military personnel and later registered for general public use in 1957 (Schoenig et al, 1999). Every year, approximately one-third of the U.S. population (75,000,000) uses DEET-containing insect repellent products with DEET concentrations ranging from 10 to 100% in a variety of liquids, lotions, gels, sprays, sticks, and impregnated materials and more than 30 million packages of DEET-containing products are sold annually (Veltri et al, 1994). Approximately 230 products containing DEET are currently registered with the Environmental Protection Agency by about 70 different companies.…”

Section: Nn-diethyl-m-toluamide Commonly Known As Deetmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro Human Metabolism and Interactions of RepellentN,N-Diethyl-m-Toluamide

Usmani

Rose²,

Goldstein³

et al. 2002

Drug Metab Dispos

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Section: Nn-diethyl-m-toluamide Commonly Known As Deetmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro Human Metabolism and Interactions of RepellentN,N-Diethyl-m-Toluamide

Usmani

Rose²,

Goldstein³

et al. 2002

Drug Metab Dispos

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“…[21][22][23] Currently available preparations of DEET are contained in vehicles that inevitably increase the absorption of DEET through the skin. 24 This potentially could increase the risk of DEET-induced toxicity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and evaluation of LIPODEET, a new long-acting formulation of N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) for the prevention of schistosomiasis.

Salafsky

Kalyanasundaram

He³

et al. 1999

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) is a common and fairly safe active ingredient in many insect repellents. Our recent studies showed that when applied to the skin, DEET has a potent anti-parasitic effect against Schistosoma mansoni. However, the beneficial effects of DEET lasted only for a few minutes, presumably due to its rapid absorption through the skin. In this study, we evaluated different carrier formulations that prolong the activity of DEET in the skin. Among the various formulations analyzed, DEET incorporated into liposomes (LIPODEET) appeared to prolong the activity of DEET for more than 48 hr after a single application. Furthermore, LIPODEET was found to be minimally absorbed through the skin and loss due to washing off was limited. These findings thus suggest LIPODEET is a safe and long-acting formulation of DEET that is quite effective against schistosomiasis. N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) is a relative safe, broad spectrum insect repellent that is used extensively against both human and animal pests worldwide.1,2 Although chemical research has produced a number of DEET analogs and other related compounds, none have consistently enjoyed as widespread use as DEET. 3 Even though DEET is highly effective, the duration of action of DEET appears to be short lived. Once applied to the skin, DEET has an insect repellent activity ranging from 30 min to 6 hr, 4,5 whereas its antiparasitic effect is even shorter.6 To obtain a longer duration of activity, there is a need to reapply DEET, often repeatedly with concentrations as high as 70%. 5 This is due to the fact that DEET is absorbed through the skin relatively quickly and is thus rapidly cleared from the skin.7,8 Therefore, any agent that retards the absorption of DEET through the skin will potentially prolong the repellency, or in this case the anti-parasitic action of DEET in the superficial layers of the skin. Furthermore, a reduced absorption will potentially decrease any systemic toxicity associated with DEET. We therefore tested various formulations that prolonged the effect of DEET against schistosomiasis in the skin. MATERIALS AND METHODSRadio-labeling of snails and collection of radiolabeled cercariae. Biomphalaria glabrata species of snails infected with S. mansoni were obtained from Dr. Fred Lewis (Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, MD). The infected snails were maintained under controlled conditions of light at 85-87ЊF. Snails were checked individually for the presence of the parasite by observing the emergence of cercariae from them by exposing to a bright light source for 1 hr. Once determining that the snails are releasing cercariae, they were radiolabeled with 35 S-methionine as described previously. 9 Snails suspended in distilled water (0. 5 ml/snail) were exposed to 35 S-methionine (Tran 35 S-label, specific activity ϭ 1,047 Ci/mmol, catalog # 51006; ICN Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Irvine, CA) at a concentration of 20 Ci/ml at 37ЊC in the dark. After 16 hr of exposure to the radioisotope, the snails were rinsed, moved to ...

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“…Despite the extensive use and efficacy of DEET and its history of seemingly safe use, there have been a few observations of high exposures leading to potentially unacceptable health risks (Robbins and Cherniack, 1986;Veltri et al, 1994;Qiu et al, 1998). These reports are associated with seizures and encephalopathy in children (Moody, 1989;Osimitz and Grothaus, 1995;Osimitz and Murphy, 1997;Sudakin and Trevathan, 2003) and extensive skin absorption that leads to entrance of large amounts of DEET into systemic circulation (Robbins and Cherniack, 1986).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is efficacious against mosquitoes and other insects of medical and veterinary importance, and is used at least once in a season by approximately 30% of the U.S. population (USEPA, 1998;Veltri et al, 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk assessments for the insect repellents DEET and picaridin

Antwi

Shama²,

Peterson

2008

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology

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a b s t r a c tFor the use of topical insect repellents, DEET and picaridin, human health risk assessments were conducted for various population subgroups. Acute, subchronic, and chronic dermal exposures were examined. No-observed-effect-levels (NOELs) of 200, 300, and 100 mg/kg body weight (BW) were used as endpoints for DEET for acute, subchronic, and chronic exposures, respectively. For picaridin, a NOEL of 2000 mg/kg BW/day for acute exposure and a NOEL of 200 mg/kg BW/day for subchronic and chronic exposures were used. Daily exposures to several population subgroups were estimated. Risks were characterized using the Margin of Exposure (MOE) method (NOEL divided by the estimated exposure), whereby estimated MOEs were compared to an MOE of 100. Estimates of daily exposures ranged from 2 to 59 mg/kg BW/day for DEET and 2 to 22 mg/kg BW/day for picaridin. Children had the lowest MOEs. However, none of the estimated exposures exceeded NOELs for either repellent. At 40% DEET for acute exposure, children 612 years had MOEs below 100. For subchronic and chronic exposures children at P25% DEET and at 15% picaridin had MOEs below 100. Therefore, we found no significant toxicological risks from typical usage of these topical insect repellents.

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Retrospective Analysis of Calls to Poison Control Centers Resulting from Exposure to the Insect RepellentN, N-diethyl-M-Toluamide (DEET) from 1985–1989

Cited by 100 publications

References 10 publications

In Vitro Human Metabolism and Interactions of RepellentN,N-Diethyl-m-Toluamide

In Vitro Human Metabolism and Interactions of RepellentN,N-Diethyl-m-Toluamide

Development and evaluation of LIPODEET, a new long-acting formulation of N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) for the prevention of schistosomiasis.

Risk assessments for the insect repellents DEET and picaridin

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