Retrospective accounts of self-stigma experienced by young people with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or depression.

McKeague, Lynn; Hennessy, Eilis; O'Driscoll, Claire; Heary, Caroline

doi:10.1037/prj0000121

Cited by 36 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Self-stigma has been studied in children and adolescents and is characterized by a sense of feeling different from peers, and negative self-evaluation as a consequence of that perception. However, some young people were prepared to challenge the stigma by self-disclosure and openness about their condition [349]. Lower stigma in teachers towards adult ADHD seems to relate to greater knowledge about the condition [350].…”

Section: Stigma Surrounding Adhdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Updated European Consensus Statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD

Bijlenga²,

et al. 2018

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Background Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is among the most common psychiatric disorders of childhood that often persists into adulthood and old age. Yet ADHD is currently underdiagnosed and undertreated in many European countries, leading to chronicity of symptoms and impairment, due to lack of, or ineffective treatment, and higher costs of illness.Methods The European Network Adult ADHD and the Section for Neurodevelopmental Disorders Across the Lifespan (NDAL) of the European Psychiatric Association (EPA), aim to increase awareness and knowledge of adult ADHD in and outside Europe. This Updated European Consensus Statement aims to support clinicians with research evidence and clinical experience from 63 experts of European and other countries in which ADHD in adults is recognized and treated.Results Besides reviewing the latest research on prevalence, persistence, genetics and neurobiology of ADHD, three major questions are addressed: (1) What is the clinical picture of ADHD in adults? (2) How should ADHD be properly diagnosed in adults? (3) How should adult ADHDbe effectively treated?Conclusions ADHD often presents as a lifelong impairing condition. The stigma surrounding ADHD, mainly due to lack of knowledge, increases the suffering of patients. Education on the lifespan perspective, diagnostic assessment, and treatment of ADHD must increase for students of general and mental health, and for psychiatry professionals. Instruments for screening and diagnosis of ADHD in adults are available, as are effective evidence-based treatments for ADHD and its negative outcomes. More research is needed on gender differences, and in older adults with ADHD.

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Section: Stigma Surrounding Adhdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Updated European Consensus Statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD

Bijlenga²,

et al. 2018

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“…A high level of perceived public stigma toward ADHD can predict low willingness to receive intervention [5] and low medication adherence in children with ADHD [6]. Children with ADHD may internalize public stigma to develop self-stigma [7], which may compromise their self-esteem and emotional regulation [8]. Courtesy stigma is negative judgment toward family members or people close to a stigmatized person due to their relationship with the stigmatized target [9].…”

Section: Stigma To Attention-deficit/hyperactivity Disordermentioning

confidence: 99%

Affiliate Stigma and Related Factors in Family Caregivers of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Chang

Chen

Liu

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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This cross-sectional questionnaire study examined factors related to affiliate stigma among caregivers of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the association of affiliate stigma with caregivers’ unfavorable attitude toward ADHD and moderators. The affiliate stigma of 400 caregivers of children with ADHD was assessed using the Affiliate Stigma Scale. Caregivers’ and children’s factors related to affiliate stigma were examined using multiple regression analysis. Associations of affiliate stigma with caregivers’ unfavorable attitudes toward children’s diagnoses, pharmacotherapy, behavioral therapy, and biological explanations of the etiologies of ADHD were examined using logistic regression analysis. Female caregivers and those caring for girls with ADHD had higher levels of affiliate stigma than did male caregivers and those caring for boys. Higher education levels in caregivers and more severe inattention symptoms in children were associated with higher levels of affiliate stigma. A higher level of affiliate stigma was also significantly associated with unfavorable attitudes toward children’s diagnoses, pharmacotherapy and behavioral therapy, and etiological explanations for ADHD. Multiple factors of caregivers and children were related to affiliate stigma in caregivers of children with ADHD. Affiliate stigma is significantly associated with caregivers’ unfavorable attitude toward ADHD.

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“…While there is evidence to suggest that youth experience stigma in similar ways to adults (Kranke et al, 2011;McKeague et al, 2015), youth uniquely experience stigma (Elkington et al, 2012;Kranke et al, 2010Kranke et al, , 2011Leavey, 2005;McKeague et al, 2015;Moses, 2010;O'Connor et al, 2018). Receiving a psychiatric diagnosis can negatively affect self-image and self-concept with a more pronounced effect for youth (O'Connor et al, 2018).…”

Section: Stigma and Youthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Applying adult research to youth's experiences is not appropriate given that youth have less power and social status, less developed abilities to negotiate social groupings, different social contexts and developmental needs and the possibility that stigma may vary across life stages (e.g., dominant peer relations for youth vs. discrimination in housing and workforce for adults) (Heary et al, 2017). Previous qualitative studies (Elkington et al, 2012;Kranke et al, 2010Kranke et al, , 2011Leavey, 2005;Moses, 2010Moses, , 2011 and systematic reviews (Kaushik et al, 2016;O'Connor et al, 2018) have examined the stigma experiences of youth or the retrospective experiences of adults (McKeague et al, 2015), however, none of these studies focused on anxiety. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report on findings specific to the lived experiences of stigma at multiple levels for youth living with anxiety.…”

Section: Stigma and Youthmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Wicked Problem of Stigma for Youth Living With Anxiety

et al. 2020

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Anxiety disorders typically emerge in childhood and, if left untreated, can lead to poor health and social outcomes into adulthood. Stigma contributes to the burden of mental illness in youth. Mental health stigma has been conceptualized as a wicked problem and efforts to address this complexity require a greater understanding of how stigma operates in the lives of youth. Fifty-eight youth in Manitoba, Canada aged 10 to 22 years and living with anxiety took part in the study. Data collection involved in-depth interviews and arts-based methodologies. Youth living with anxiety faced stigma at three levels: (a) interpersonal, (b) intrapersonal, and (c) structural. Stigma held by others, internalized by youth and embedded in social institutions led to compromised relationships with family and peers, low self-esteem and self-efficacy, reduced help-seeking, and discrimination in school, workplace and health care settings. Implications and potential strategies for addressing these levels of stigma are discussed.

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Retrospective accounts of self-stigma experienced by young people with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or depression.

Cited by 36 publications

References 20 publications

Updated European Consensus Statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD

Updated European Consensus Statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD

Affiliate Stigma and Related Factors in Family Caregivers of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

The Wicked Problem of Stigma for Youth Living With Anxiety

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