Retrofitting the Low Impact Development Practices into Developed Urban areas Including Barriers and Potential Solution

Abstract

Low impact development (LID)/green infrastructure (GI) practices have been identified as the sustainable practices of managing the stormwater in urban areas. Due to the increasing population, most of the cities are more developing which results in the change of natural area into impervious areas (roads, buildings etc.). Moreover, urbanization and climate change are causing many water-related problems and making over cities unsafe and insecure. Under these circumstances, there is a need to introduce new stormwater management practices into developed cities to reduce the adverse impacts of urbanization. For this purpose, retrofitting low impact development practices demands more attention to reduce these water-related problems and trying to make our cities sustainable. In developed areas, there is a little space is available for the retrofitting of LID practices for the stormwater management. Therefore, the selection of an appropriate place to retrofitting LID practices needs more concern. This paper describes the successfully applied retrofitting LID practices around the globe. It also includes the process of applying retrofitting LID practices at the suitable place with the suitable combination. Optimal places for the retrofitting of different LID practices are also mentioned. This paper also highlights the barriers and potential solutions of retrofitting LID practices in urban areas.

Recent Progress in Low-Impact Development in South Korea: Water-Management Policies, Challenges and Opportunities

“…Figure 2, shows the concept of the LID practice that is followed by the South Korean government to make cities sustainable as compared to traditional stormwater-management practices. LID/GI are the terms that have been adopted to achieve healthy urban water cities in different countries such as Germany, USA and Japan, as shown in Table 1 [16,22,23]. Similar technologies under different names are described such as decentralized urban design (DUD) in Germany, sustainable urban drainage system (SUDS) in the UK, water-sensitive urban design (WSUD) in Australia, well-balanced hydrological system (WBHS) in Japan, sponge city in China, and healthy water-cycle city or rain city in South Korea [3,22,[24][25][26][27][28][29].…”

“…Research on LID/GI facilities is still in progress and there are few studies that show the life-cycle costs of these LID facilities [16]. In addition, the life-cycle cost and benefits (environmental, social and ecological) are also unknown [22,29,42].…”

“…Co-operation and collaboration among different stakeholders is important and necessary for the successful application of LID/GI facilities for safe and sustainable cities. As we know, LID application requires a high budget and significant care for its successful implementation [16,22] Therefore, there is a need for public-private partnerships (PPP) for the expansion of LID concept knowledge and expansion throughout the country [22,31]. Government agencies should work together to identify the current challenges and for the expansion of LID facilities to transfer our gray cities into green cities.…”

“…Unluckily, the current stormwater management system in use comes with compromises and hence limited benefits when considering today's demand to address environmental, economic, and sustainable concerns. For instance, to develop a sustainable stormwater system, different best-management practices are retrofitted to existing areas to obtain a combination of benefits that control flash flooding and water-quality degradation problems [15,16].…”

Urban Sustainable Development Based on the Framework of Sponge City: 71 Case Studies in China

“…Urbanization is also accompanied by the emergence of urban water environment problems and rapid urbanization has damaged the original hydrological ecological environment, resulting in urban flooding and other urban water environment problems [3,4]. For instance, China and other countries in the world face the problem of "urban diseases" caused by urban waterlogging, water shortage and water pollution occur from time to time [5][6][7]. These problems have caused serious external problems and restricted the healthy development of urban economy and society [8,9].…”