Retrieval of color information from preperceptual memory.

Clark, Sandra E.

doi:10.1037/h0028135

Cited by 72 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(13 reference statements)

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“…The results of our series of experiments add to and extend the abundant evidence available that shows that attention can be directed toward elements of a particular color (see, e.g., Bundesen et aI., 1984;Bundesen et aI., 1985;Clark, 1969;Dick, 1969;Francolini & Egeth, 1980;Fryklund, 1975;Humphreys, 1981;Kaptein et aI., 1995;McClean, Broadbent, & Broadbent, 1982;Nissen, 1985;Snyder, 1972;von Wright, 1968von Wright, , 1970von Wright, , 1972.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…The results of our first three experiments add to the already available evidence that subjects are very well capable of selecting subsets of visual information on the basis of color (for further evidence, see, e.g., Bundesen, Pedersen, & Larsen, 1984;Bundesen, Shibuya, & Larsen, 1985;Clark, 1969;Francolini & Egeth, 1980;Fryklund, 1975;Humphreys, 1981;Kaptein, Theeuwes, & van der Heijden, 1995;Nissen, 1985;Snyder, 1972;von Wright, 1968von Wright, ,1970von Wright, , 1972. Nevertheless, it is worthwhile to note that our evidence for efficient selection on the basis of color was obtained in a particular situation.…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 79%

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Attending to color with proper fixation

Heijden

Kurvink

Lange

et al. 1996

Perception & Psychophysics

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In contemporary theorizing, there is a controversy about the role of spatial location in the selection of visual information; some theories postulate that position plays a unique role, whereas other theories hold that position is just one selection dimension that is not different from other dimensions, such as color and shape. In this context, a paradigm introduced by Tsal and Lavie (1988) promised to be of fundamental importance. With that paradigm, Tsal and Lavie found that, after reporting a first letter of a prespecified color, subjects preferred to switch their reporting to letters from array positions adjacent to that letter over continuing to report letters of the same color as that of the first letter. This switch from color to position provided firm evidence in favor of the "position-special" views as opposed to the "all-attributes-are-equal" views. In the present study, six experiments, employing Tsal and Lavie's paradigm and variations of that paradigm, are reported. Experiments 1, 2, 4, and 5 show that evidence for a switch from selection on the basis of color to selection on the basis of position is not obtained when subjects are forced to fixate the fixation point and possibly also not under normal contrast conditions without fixation controls. Experiment 3 shows that switching from color to position is difficult. Experiments 2, 5, and 6 show that evidence for a switch is obtained only under low-contrast conditions when subjects are not forced to fixate the fixation point. It is concluded that the Tsal and Lavieparadigm is an asymmetric paradigm. The results reported by Tsal and Lavie constituted a major threat for the "all-attributes-are-equal" theories and provided firm support for the "position-special" theories. The results reported in the present study are compatible with the all-attributes-are-equal theories, but, at the same time, do not constitute a major threat for the contemporary position-special theories.In 1988, Tsal and Lavie could still write (p. 15) that the role ofstimulus location in the selective processing of visual information had evolved into an implicit controversy; some researchers believed that spatial location played a unique role in the selection of information, whereas others claimed that it was just one selection dimension that was not different in principle from other stimulus dimensions, such as color or shape. Now, less than 10 years later, this implicit controversy has evolved into an explicit controversy (see, e.g., van der Heijden, 1993, for an overview). A brieflook at current theorizing can make this clear. There are two groups of theories: the "position-not-special" ones and the "position-special" ones. Position Not SpecialIn Broadbent's (1958) filter theory for auditory information processing, no special role was ascribed to position. The filter selected auditory information defined by any given physical attribute. ("Physical features identified as able to act as a basis for this selection included the intensity, pitch, and spatial localization of sounds"; Br...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 79%

Attending to color with proper fixation

Heijden

Kurvink

Lange

et al. 1996

Perception & Psychophysics

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show abstract

“…If a conversion is applied, availability estimates range from 5.1 to 18.5 letters (unaided recall, free recall scoring) for different conditions. These estimates are still not comparable to those obtained in experiments in which a postcue truly samples from a visual trace (Clark, 1969;Sperling. 1960;Turvey & Kravetz, 1970;von Wright.…”

Section: Apparatuscontrasting

confidence: 81%

“…Von Wright (1968Wright ( , 1970 obtained selection using location, color, size, and brightness criteria (with the efficiency of selection decreasing in that order), but found no evidence for selection using letter orientation or semantic class (letters vs. numbers, consonants vs. vowels). Comparable results were reported by Clark (1969) for location and color selection, and by Turvey and Kravetz (1970) for location and shape selection.…”

mentioning

confidence: 78%

Effects of cued-set spatial arrangement and target-background similarity in the partial-report paradigm

Fryklund

1975

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…Separating target from noise by color has been highly effective in visual search (Cahill & Carter, 1976;Carter, 1982;Farmer & Taylor, 1980;Green & Anderson, 1956;Smith, 1962;Treisman & Gelade, 1980;Williams, 1966), partial report (Broadbent, 1970;Clark, 1969;Fryklund, 1975;Kahneman & Henik, 1977Keren, 1976;von Wright, 1968von Wright, , 1970von Wright, , 1972, and related paradigms (e.g., Francolini & Egeth, 1979, 1980). In the current experiments, based on the nonsearch paradigm of B.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Color segregation and selective attention in a nonsearch task

Harms¹,

Bundesen²

1983

Perception & Psychophysics

116

121

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Relations between selective attention and perceptual segregation by color were investigated in binary-choice reaction time experiments based on the nonsearch paradigm of Eriksen and Eriksen (1974). In focused attention conditions (Experiment 1), noise letters flanking a central target letter caused less interference when they differed from the target in color, although color carried no information as to whether or not a letter was the target. When blocking of trials favored a strategy of dividing attention between target and noise letters (Experiment 2), no benefit accrued from difference between target color and noise color. The results supported an attentional interpretation of the effect of color demonstrated in Experiment 1, implying that perceptual segregation by color improved the efficiency of focusing attention on the target.Recent studies have demonstrated remarkable deficits in subjects' abilities to control their visual information processing by focusing attention on stimuli in a prespecified spatial location (cf. Egeth, 1977; C. W. Eriksen & Schultz, 1979;Shiffrin & Schneider, 1977). A binary-choice reaction time experiment by B. A. Eriksen and C. W. Eriksen (1974) provides a good example. Subjects were presented with displays in which a central target letter appeared alone or flanked by a number of noise letters. The target was always presented directly above the fixation point, and the required response was uncorrelated with the number and type (response compatible, incompatible, or neutral) of noise letters. For all types of noise, reaction time increased as between-letter spacing decreased, but interference was stronger with response-incompatible than with neutral noise and stronger with neutral than with responsecompatible noise. Eriksen and Eriksen concluded that the subject "cannot prevent processing of noise letters occurring within about 1 deg of the target due to the nature of processing channel capacity and must inhibit his response until he is able to discriminate exactly which letter is in the target position" (p. 143).

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Retrieval of color information from preperceptual memory.

Cited by 72 publications

References 9 publications

Attending to color with proper fixation

Attending to color with proper fixation

Effects of cued-set spatial arrangement and target-background similarity in the partial-report paradigm

Color segregation and selective attention in a nonsearch task

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