Retribution and Restitution in Locke’s Theory of Punishment

Abstract

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Theoretical/Historical Account of Public Opinion Survey and Its Importance

“…In the 16 th century Machiavelli challenged the notion of rulers and ruled and acknowledged that public opinion has the political force and the rulers must incorporate the public voice because the society holds the dialectic values between the rulers and ruled (Gilbert, 1938;Schaefer, 1990;Mansfield, 1995). This theoretical frame further fostered during the 17 th century, when contrast theorists Hobbes and Locke argued that the formation of the state public participation is important, and state creates the contract between rulers and the citizens and established the notion that public the opinion should consider as the expression of the democratic rights of the citizens (Strauss, 1936;Aaron, 1937;Macpherson, 1962;Colman, 1983;Skinner, 1996;Tuckness, 2010). This notion further theorized during the 18 th century, particularly with the contribution of Rousseau, who extensively argued for the empowerment of the citizens; respect the communities' views and interests of the general public (Cassirer, 1945;LaFreniere, 1990;Bhandari, 2000;Damrosch, 2005).…”