RETRACTED: Yoon et al. The Optimal Decision Combination in Semiconductor Manufacturing. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1788

Abstract

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Optical tweezers and manipulators. Modern concepts and future prospect

“…In turn, the resonance frequency is determined by the nanostructure shape and size [224], which allows tuning its characteristics and the efficiency of plasmon generation. To date, the formation of localized surface plasmons for the purpose of optical trapping of nanoparticles is implemented using nanodots [245], nanoantennas [246,247], nanoresonators [248,249], and nanoapertures [250,251] with various shapes and sizes of holes [224]. To prepare such nanostructures, the methods of electron beam and colloidal lithography [252,253], as well as ion beam etching [254,255], are most widely used.…”

“…This effect is called self-induced back-action (SIBA) [263]; it allows increasing the nanoparticle trapping efficiency by an order of magnitude [248,264]. For example, the SIBA effect allowed the stable trapping of a nanoparticle less than 5 nm in diameter by a plasmon nanoantenna placed on a silicon oxide substrate [247], as well as on a waveguide end face [250]. Considering all the advantages of plasmonic optical traps, it is worth noting a number of limitations, too, associated with trapping nanoparticles in a two-dimensional space and with difficulties in controlling their spatial position, which require new approaches to metasurface engineering (Fig.…”

Cosmic ray spectrum of protons plus helium nuclei between 6 and 158 TeV from HAWC data

“…First hints about the existence of fine structure in the energy spectra of cosmic rays came from the balloonborne ATIC-2 [22] and CREAM [23] experiments, and from early measurements carried out with the NU-CLEON satellite observatory [24,25]. The data from these instruments seemed to point out the presence of spectral breaks between 10 TeV and 40 TeV in the spectra of H and He nuclei.…”

Application of the adverse outcome pathway framework to predict the toxicity of chemicals in the semiconductor manufacturing industry

“…The semiconductor industry can be called the crystal of high-tech industry (Williams et al 2002 ; Yoon et al 2020 ). In addition, despite the facts that chemicals in the semiconductor manufacturing have become a major social issue, that the detailed characteristics of chemicals used may change as semiconductor technology develops every year, and that the basic chemicals do not change, chemicals that affect detailed properties, for example, trace components used in the photo process, change, and this is difficult to understand, because most of them are designated as trade secret substances.…”

“…As semiconductor production and technology advance, the type and quantity of chemical products change from time to time. In semiconductor manufacturing, high temperatures or high energy are used, in which case, reaction by-products may be generated (Yoon et al 2020 ). Although basic chemicals do not change, chemicals that affect detailed properties, for example, trace components used in photo processing, change, and it is difficult to know, because most of them are designated as trade secret substances.…”