RETRACTED: The Oncolytic Virus in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment

Cao, Guodong; He, Xiaobo; Sun, Qiang; Chen, Sihan; Wan, Ke; Xu, Xingguang; Feng, Xudong; Li, Peng-ping; Chen, Bin; Xiong, Maoming

doi:10.3389/fonc.2020.01786

Cited by 81 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 140 publications

(150 reference statements)

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“…Oncolytic virotherapy is a form of passive immunotherapy. Oncolytic viruses are a class of tumorkilling type viruses that render them unable to replicate in normal tissues by attenuating or deleting viral pathogenic factors while maintaining replication and killing viability in tumor cells (52,53). IMLYGIC, the first FDA-approved oncolytic viral drug, was genetically modified from herpes virus type 1 (HSV-1) for the treatment of metastatic melanoma (54).…”

Section: Classification Of Immunotherapiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neoantigen: A New Breakthrough in Tumor Immunotherapy

et al. 2021

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Cancer immunotherapy works by stimulating and strengthening the body’s anti-tumor immune response to eliminate cancer cells. Over the past few decades, immunotherapy has shown remarkable efficacy in the treatment of cancer, particularly the success of immune checkpoint blockade targeting CTLA-4, PD-1 and PDL1, which has led to a breakthrough in tumor immunotherapy. Tumor neoantigens, a new approach to tumor immunotherapy, include antigens produced by tumor viruses integrated into the genome and antigens produced by mutant proteins, which are abundantly expressed only in tumor cells and have strong immunogenicity and tumor heterogeneity. A growing number of studies have highlighted the relationship between neoantigens and T cells’ recognition of cancer cells. Vaccines developed against neoantigens are now being used in clinical trials in various solid tumors. In this review, we summarized the latest advances in the classification of immunotherapy and the process of classification, identification and synthesis of tumor-specific neoantigens, as well as their role in current cancer immunotherapy. Finally, the application prospects and existing problems of neoantigens were discussed.

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Section: Classification Of Immunotherapiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neoantigen: A New Breakthrough in Tumor Immunotherapy

et al. 2021

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“…The most prominent oncolytic adenovirus (OAd) is Oncorine, which was approved in China for treating nasopharyngeal carcinoma in combination with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and cisplatin chemotherapy in 2005 [ 45 ]. Oncorine is based on Ad vector serotype 5 (Ad5) in which viral E1B-55 k gene, as well as four regions in E3 gene, were deleted to guarantee its replication in p53-deficient tumor cells and its safety [ 46 ]. In addition to Oncorine, other OAds have been studied in clinical trials against HNCs, including CAdVEC, VCN-01, and OBP-301.…”

Section: Oncolytic Virotherapymentioning

confidence: 99%

A review on the advances and challenges of immunotherapy for head and neck cancer

et al. 2021

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Head and neck cancer (HNC), which includes lip and oral cavity, larynx, nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx malignancies, is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Due to the interaction of tumor cells with immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, immunotherapy of HNCs, along with traditional treatments such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery, has attracted much attention. Four main immunotherapy strategies in HNCs have been developed, including oncolytic viruses, monoclonal antibodies, chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T cells), and therapeutic vaccines. Oncorine (H101), an approved oncolytic adenovirus in China, is the pioneer of immunotherapy for the treatment of HNCs. Pembrolizumab and nivolumab are mAbs against PD-L1 that have been approved for recurrent and metastatic HNC patients. To date, several clinical trials using immunotherapy agents and their combination are under investigation. In this review, we summarize current the interaction of tumor cells with immune cells in the tumor microenvironment of HNCs, the main strategies that have been applied for immunotherapy of HNCs, obstacles that hinder the success of immunotherapies in patients with HNCs, as well as solutions for overcoming the challenges to enhance the response of HNCs to immunotherapies.

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“…The payload capacity of bacteria may be limited, leading to oncolytic viruses being preferred as a cancer therapy. Nevertheless, oncolytic viruses also have their own limitations, such as easy recognition by the immune system, and questions about an adequate level of biosafety ( 24 , 25 ).…”

Section: Treatment Of Cancer Using Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Salmonella Bacteria in Cancer Therapy: Direct, Drug Delivery and Combination Approaches

et al. 2021

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Over the years, conventional cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy with only a limited specificity for tumors, have undergone significant improvement. Moreover, newer therapies such as immunotherapy have undergone a revolution to stimulate the innate as well as adaptive immune responses against the tumor. However, it has been found that tumors can be selectively colonized by certain bacteria, where they can proliferate, and exert direct oncolytic effects as well as stimulating the immune system. Bacterial-mediated cancer therapy (BMCT) is now one example of a hot topic in the antitumor field. Salmonella typhimurium is a Gram-negative species that generally causes self-limiting gastroenteritis in humans. This species has been designed and engineered in order to be used in cancer-targeted therapeutics. S. typhimurium can be used in combination with other treatments such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy for synergistic modification of the tumor microenvironment. Considerable benefits have been shown by using engineered attenuated strains for the diagnosis and treatment of tumors. Some of these treatment approaches have received FDA approval for early-phase clinical trials. This review summarizes the use of Salmonella bacteria for cancer therapy, which could pave the way towards routine clinical application. The benefits of this therapy include an automatic self-targeting ability, and the possibility of genetic manipulation to produce newly engineered attenuated strains. Nevertheless, Salmonella-mediated anticancer therapy has not yet been clinically established, and requires more research before its use in cancer treatment.

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RETRACTED: The Oncolytic Virus in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment

Cited by 81 publications

References 140 publications

Neoantigen: A New Breakthrough in Tumor Immunotherapy

Neoantigen: A New Breakthrough in Tumor Immunotherapy

A review on the advances and challenges of immunotherapy for head and neck cancer

Use of Salmonella Bacteria in Cancer Therapy: Direct, Drug Delivery and Combination Approaches

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